Application of a GIS‐based distributed hydrology model for prediction of forest harvest effects on peak stream flow in the Pacific Northwest

摘要

Spatially distributed rainfall–runoff models, made feasible by the widespread availability of land surface characteristics data (especially digital topography), and the evolution of high power desktop workstations, are particularly useful for assessment of the hydrological effects of land surface change. Three examples are provided of the use of the Distributed Hydrology-Soil–Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to assess the hydrological effects of logging in the Pacific Northwest. DHSVM provides a dynamic representation of the spatial distribution of soil moisture, snow cover, evapotranspiration and runoff production, at the scale of digital topographic data (typically 30–100 m). Among the hydrological concerns that have been raised related to forest harvest in the Pacific Northwest are increases in flood peaks owing to enhanced rain-on-snow and spring radiation melt response, and the effects of forest roads. The first example is for two rain-on-snow floods in the North Fork Snoqualmie River during November 1990 and December 1989. Predicted maximum vegetation sensitivities (the difference between predicted peaks for all mature vegetation compared with all clear-cut) showed a 31% increase in the peak runoff for the 1989 event and a 10% increase for the larger 1990 event. The main reason for the difference in response can be traced to less antecedent low elevation snow during the 1990 event. The second example is spring snowmelt runoff for the Little Naches River, Washington, which drains the east slopes of the Washington Cascades. Analysis of spring snowmelt peak runoff during May 1993 and April 1994 showed that, for current vegetation relative to all mature vegetation, increases in peak spring stream flow of only about 3% should have occurred over the entire basin. However, much larger increases (up to 30%) would occur for a maximum possible harvest scenario, and in a small headwaters catchment, whose higher elevation leads to greater snow coverage (and, hence, sensitivity to vegetation change) during the period of maximum runoff. The third example, Hard and Ware Creeks, Washington, illustrates the effects of forest roads in two heavily logged small catchments on the western slopes of the Cascades. Use of DHSVM's road runoff algorithm shows increases in peak runoff for the five largest events in 1992 (average observed stream flow of 2·1 m s) averaging 17·4% for Hard Creek and 16·2% for Ware Creek, with a maximum percentage increase (for the largest event, in Hard Creek) of 27%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.