Catchment-scale contribution of forest roads to stream exports of sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen

摘要

The relative contribution of forest roads to total catchment exports of suspended sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen was estimated for a 13451 ha forested catchment in southeastern Australia. Instrumentation was installed for 1 year to quantify total in-stream exports of suspended sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen. In addition, a total of 101 road-stream crossings were mapped and characterized in detail within the catchment to identify the properties of the road section where the road network and the stream network intersect. Sediment and nutrient generation rates from different forest road types within the catchment were quantified using permanent instrumentation and rainfall simulation. Sediment and nutrient generation rates, mapped stream crossing information, traffic data and annual rainfall data were used to estimate annual loads of sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen from each stream crossing in the catchment. The annual sum of these loads was compared with the measured total catchment exports to estimate the proportional contribution of loads from roads within the catchment. The results indicated that 3.15 ha of near-stream unsealed road surface with an average slope of 84% delivered an estimated 50 t of the 1142 t of total suspended sediment exported from the catchment, or about 4.4% of the total sediment load from the forest. Stream discharge over this period was 69 573 Ml. The unsealed road network delivered an estimated maximum of 22 kg of the 1244 kg of total phosphorus from the catchment, or less than 1.8% of the total load from the forest. The average sediment and phosphorous load per crossing was estimated at 0.5 t (standard deviation 1.0 t) and 0.22 kg (standard deviation 0.30 kg) respectively. The lower proportional contribution of total phosphorus resulted from a low ratio of total phosphorus to total suspended sediment for the road-derived sediment. The unsealed road network delivered approximately 33 kg of the 20 163 kg of total nitrogen, about 0.16% of the total load of nitrogen from the forest. The data indicate that, in this catchment, improvement of stream crossings would yield only small benefits in terms of net catchment exports of total suspended sediment and total phosphorus, and no benefit in terms of total nitrogen. These results are for a catchment with minimal road-related mass movement, and extrapolation of these findings to the broader forested estate requires further research.