Stadtplanung in Peking

摘要

Peking has set up a master plan for realization by the year 2010 that is to take some of the population pressure off the Chinese capital. To this end, fourteen 450,000-inhabitant satellite towns and seventy 50,000-inhabitant key towns are projected as part of an ambitious plan featuring residential and commercial development, waste disposal, utilities, urban parks and ecological and traffic planning. The city's transport concept is based on four ring roads that act as major arteries. Private motorized vehicles represent only 5 percent of all traffic which at present is dominated by seven million cyclists. However, contacts with German and American auto firms indicate that the city is headed for a car-oriented future. This would reduce the quality of open life and recreation in the city, where the inhabitants relax on the pavements in the evenings or gather beneath motorway bridges at dawn to practice tai chi. High-rises of more than 18 stories are only permitted beyond the 2nd ring road in order to preserve the "harmony of old and new", but the new suburbs with their sterile multi-storey towers are so unlike the traditional Peking architecture of the old city, with its hutongs sheltered compounds enclosing a one-storey brick house and a courtyard-that little harmony is left to be preserved. There are only about 1,000 hutongs left, and while the city states it wishes to preserve as many as possible, only four such districts have been designated for preservation. Finally, whilst the city wishes to increase the amount of green space from 28 percent today to 40 percent in 2000, and create nature reserves outside the city for local recreation, it is unclear whether the financial reserves will cover the costs.%Seit Jahrhunderten prägen Hutongs das Stadtbild Pekings, ein architektonisches Zugeständnis an die rauhen Winterklimate Nordchinas. Hutong bezeichnet ein windgeschütztes Wohnareal - ein zumeist einstöckiges Ziegelhaus und ein zugehöriger Hof sind von einer kleinen Mauer umgeben. Mit Hutong wird aber auch das Stadtviertel bezeichnet, das aus dieser Wohnform hervorgeht. Als Straßenstruktur für diese Siedlungsform wählten die frühen chinesischen Stadtplaner das Schachbrettmuster.