Optimal fluoroscopic projections for angiographic imaging of the pulmonary vein ostia: lessons learned from the intraprocedural reconstruction of the left atrium and pulmonary veins

摘要

Aims Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) is the cornerstone of the ablative treatment of atrial fibrillation. Selective angiography of the PVs in standard fluoroscopic projections is often used for intraprocedural identification of PVs and their ostia. Variable spatial orientation and significant variability of PV anatomy are important limitations of this imaging approach.