Climate Sensitivity of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Dry Deposition to Plants: Impacts of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Plant Species

摘要

Foliar accumulations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) were measured in three plant species between nominal temperatures of 10 and 30 ℃ and nominal irradiances of 0, 80, and 170 W m~(-2) (300 nm-700 nm) in a 19 m~3 controlled environment chamber. The plants exposed were as follows: White Ash (Fraxinus americana;WA); White Spruce [Picea glauca; WSk and Kentucky Bluegrass [Poa partensis; KYBG). Foliar enrichments in the mercury stable isotope (~(198)Hg) were used to measure mercury accumulation. Exposures lasted for 1 day after which the leaves were digested in hot acid and the extracted mercury was analyzed with ICPMS. Resistances to accumulative uptake by leaves were observed to be dependent on both light and temperature, reaching minima at optimal growing conditions (20 ℃; 170 W m~(-2) irradiance between 300-700 nm). Resistances typically increased at lower (10 ℃) and higher (30 ℃) temperatures and decreased with higher intensities of irradiance. Published models were modified and used to interpret the trends in stomatal and leaf interior resistances to GEM observed in WA. The model captured the experimental trends well and revealed that stomatal and internal resistances were both important across much of the temperature range. At high temperatures, however, stomatal resistance dominated due to increased water vapor pressure deficits. The resistances measured in this study were used to model foliar accumulations of GEM at a northern US deciduous forest using atmospheric mercury and climate measurements made over the 2003 growing season. The results were compared to modeled accumulations for GEM, RGM, and PHg using published deposition velocities. Predictions of foliar GEM accumulation were observed to be a factor of 5-10 lower when the temperature and irradiance dependent resistances determined in this study were used in place of previously published data. GEM uptake by leaves over the growing season was shown to be an important deposition pathway (2.3-3.7 μg m~(-2) of one-sided leaf area; OSLA) when compared to total mercury wet deposition (1.2 μg m~(-2) OSLA) and estimates of reactive mercury dry deposition (0.1 - 6μg m~(-2) OSLA). Resistance-Temperature-lrradiance relationships are provided for use in models.