A Laboratory Comparison of Emission Factors, Number Size Distributions, and Morphology of Ultrafine Particles from 11 Different Household Cookstove-Fuel Systems

摘要

Ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions and particle number size distributions (PNSD) are critical in the evaluation of air pollution impacts; however, data on UFP number emissions from cookstoves, which are a major source of many pollutants, are limited. In this study, 11 fuel-stove combinations covering a variety of fuels and different stoves are investigated for UFP emissions and PNSD. The combustion of LPG and alcohol (~10~(11) particles per useful energy delivered, particles/MJd), and kerosene (~10~(13) particles/MJ_d), produced emissions that were lower by 2-3 orders of magnitude than solid fuels (10~(14)-10~(15) particles/MJ_d). Three different PNSD types—unimodal distributions with peaks ~30- 40 nm, unimodal distributions with peaks <30 run, and bimodal distributions—were observed as the result of both fuel and stove effects. The fractions of particles smaller than 30 nm (F_(30)) varied among the tested systems, ranging from 13% to 88%. The burning of LPG and alcohol had the lowest PM_(2.5) mass emissions, UFP number emissions, and F_(30) (13—21% for LPG and 3S-41% for alcohol). Emissions of PM_(2.5) and UFP from kerosene were also low compared with solid fuel burning but had a relatively high F_(30) value of approximately 73—80%.