Physicist and engineer Harry Nyquist's 1928 paper on telegraph-transmission theory revealed that complete reconstruction of an N-element signal is possible if you know N/2 sinusoidal components (Reference 1). This theory developed into Nyquist's sampling theorem, which states that complete reconstruction of a waveform is possible from samples taken at a rate greater than twice the highest frequency-harmonic component. If you sample the signal more slowly, an alias results, and information is lost.
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