Challenges and perspectives for immunotherapy in?oesophageal cancer: A look to the future (Review)

摘要

Oesophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies with limited treatment options， thus resulting in a high morbidity and mortality. With 5?year survival rates of only 5?10%， oesophageal cancer holds a dismal prognosis for patients. In order to improve overall survival， the early diagnosis and tools for patient stratification for personal? ized treatment are urgent needs. A minority of oesophageal cancers belong to the spectrum of Lynch syndrome?asso? ciated cancers and are characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI).