Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally

摘要

The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severelyimpacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which toassess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we testedthe hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population,and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19.We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio(RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and testrate had a significantly negative association (r = ? 0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median agehad a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate( r = 0.2847 , p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recoveryrate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation withcase fatality rate (r= ? 0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysisrevealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate( RRR = 0.986 , 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97 ? 1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967,95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher riskin case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971,95% CI = 0.96–0.98 , p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higherrisk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95%CI = 0.97–0.99 , p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in healthcare services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden.We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for respondingto the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systemsto safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.