The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues surrounding the classification of cyber “uses of force” and the inherent problem of cyber attribution. These two issues form a two-pronged dilemma in terms of applying jus ad bellum legal justifications for self-defence when a nation has been the victim of hybrid cyber operations. In particular, this two-pronged dilemma will highlight how hybrid cyber operations undermine the traditional deterrent value of conventional military power. Once this is made clear, it will become evident how the perpetrators of hybrid cyber operations are able to exploit loopholes within contemporary international law and operate with seeming impunity.
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机译：本文的目的是研究围绕网络“武力用法”分类的问题以及网络归属的固有问题。这两个问题在一个国家在一个国家一直是混合网络行动的受害者的情况下，适用于自卫的jus ad bellum法律理由，形成双管而来的困境。特别是，这种双管齐下的困境将突出混合动力网络运营如何破坏传统军事力量的传统威慑价值。一旦这是明确的，它将变得明显，混合网络行动的肇事者能够利用当代国际法中的漏洞，并随着似乎有罪不罚。
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