Major Depressive Disorder: Current Advances and Paradigm Shifts

摘要

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multi-etiological, multi-dimensional, heterogeneous disease with variable symptomatology and treatment efficacy. Although many biological factors have been considered as risk factors for depression, their causal links remain unclear. Because depression is more likely to be a syndrome caused by various risk factors rather than a single etiology, whether the various findings are risk factors for depression or results observed in depression is not always clear.