Rationale: Primary schwannoma is extremely rare in the trachea, and its optimal treatment has not yet been established. Previous literature have indicated that traditional resection by thoracotomy is an effective surgical procedure but with huge trauma, and endoscopic excision is a minimally invasive surgical method but with possibility of recurrence. Window resection was usually utilized for selected patients with trachea invasion by thyroid carcinoma, but video-assisted thoracoscopic window resection for trachea schwannoma has not been reported previously. Patient concerns: A 23-year-old woman was admitted to hospital due to dyspnea, coughing and wheezing that had persisted for 2 months with aggravation for 1 week. Diagnoses: Chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a well-circumscribed soft-tissue mass located on the right lateral posterior wall of the trachea. Bronchofibroscopy (BFS) showed a whitish, smooth and round mass with a wide base in the trachea. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated cells labeled with Vim (+), S-100 (+), SOX-10 (+), SMA (–), CK (–). Histopathological examinations showed that the mass was a schwannoma. Interventions: The tumor was nearly completely excised via BFS, but relapsed 2 times at 12 days and 3 weeks after endoscopic resection. Finally, the patient underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic window resection of trachea. Outcomes: The patient recovered rapidly and no recurrence was observed over 6 months of follow-up. Lessons: The treatment of tracheal schwannoma depends on the characteristics of tumor and the condition of patient. Surgical resection is a preferred alternative for sessile or transmural tumors and recurrence after endoscopic excision . Tracheal window resection by video-assisted thoracoscopy is beneficial for some appropriate patients with a small and sessile tumor.
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