Editorial: Polyamines in Plant Biotechnology, Food Nutrition, and Human Health

摘要

Polyamines are small polycations derived from arginine and/or ornithine. These compounds are present in all living organisms and play common and organism-specific functions. Polyamines are present in most food products of plant and animal origin, thus having an impact on human nutrition and health. In this Topic, we aimed to cover both basic and applied research on polyamines in the areas of plant biotechnology, food nutrition, and human health. In plants, the most abundant polyamines are putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm). The control of polyamine levels is achieved through regulation of their biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport, which are modulated by the environment. Past and current research on polyamines has investigated basic processes of polyamine homeostasis, as a mean to obtain crops better adapted to climate change. The discovery of polyamine signaling pathways will also help in reaching this major goal. In this Topic, Zhao et al. report on the characterization of the Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzyme from Hyosciamus niger , involved in Put biosynthesis. The ODC enzyme exhibits higher catalytic efficiency than other plant ODCs reported so far, thus providing an ideal candidate gene for polyamine biosynthesis engineering. Sekula and Dauter report on the crystal structure of Agmatine iminohydrolase involved in Put biosynthesis from arginine and identify that the dimeric assembly of monomers is drastically different from the bacterial enzyme. The same authors also obtained crystals of spermidine synthase, involved in Spd formation, and characterized the structures of the two dimeric enzyme isoforms in Arabidopsis ( Sekula and Dauter ). Plants also contain thermospermine (tSpm), a less abundant but very relevant polyamine synthesized from Spd by thermospermine syntase (tSPM), in a reaction that is conserved throughout the plant kingdom ( Solé-Gil et al. ). According to these authors, tSPM might play developmental and/or stress-related roles in addition to the confirmed function in regulating xylem cells maturation, in both non-vascular and vascular plants. Ishitsuka et al. have shown that the response to tSpm is conserved in dicots and monocots and plays a role in translational enhancement that could be eventually applied as a biotechnological tool in animal and fungal systems. The work by Zarza et al. shows that Spm triggers a quick phosphatidic acid response in Arabidopsis, which is mainly mediated by phospholipase D. Their results suggest the participation of phosphatidic acid in Spm perception. The cellular content of polyamines is also regulated by degradation mediated by diamine and polyamine oxidases (DAO and PAO). These catabolic processes and their diverse functions in plants have been reviewed by Wang et al. and include the involvement of polyamine catabolism in fruit ripening, senescence, and stress responses. Arabidopsis has four genes homologs of the human histone demethylase LSD1 (LDL1-3 and FLD) that bear a flavin amine oxidase domain, and act differently in the control of flowering time ( Martignago et al. ). This contribution evidences the role of different epigenetic mechanisms in the control of plant development and defense and their impact on agronomical traits. The participation of polyamines in many aspects of plant development is well known. In this regard, Nambeesan et al. report that Spd impacts floral organ identity and fruit set in tomato involving GA metabolism and signaling. These authors also suggested that altered polyamine ratios may regulate floral developmental processes. A role for free polyamines in pollination of Pyrus communis flowers is also suggested ( Mandrone et al. ). Both tSPM synthase and DAO are required for zygotic embryogenesis and vascular development in Scots pine ( Vuosku et al. ). According to the authors, specific manipulation of polyamine gene expression might provide a way to enhance somatic embryo production in recalcitrant Scots pine lines with important biotechnological applications. Furthermore, the work from Sobieszczuk-Nowicka et al. contributes to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying senescence-related cell death. Numerous studies have reported increased levels of polyamines under conditions of abiotic and biotic stresses. In fact, Spm has been proposed as a plant defense activator to both type of stresses ( Seifi and Shelp ). Under abiotic stress, Spm promotes abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis ( Marco et al. ) and activates ABA-mediated signaling pathways ( Seifi and Shelp ). Spm also modulates oxidative/antioxidant responses ( Seo et al. ) and promotes transcription of several defense-related genes including some involved in polyamine metabolism ( Fortes et al. ). In contrast to glycophytes [i.e., pepper; ( Pi?ero et al. )], the levels of Spd/Spm are high in halophytes, thus polyamines have been proposed as useful indicators of plant salinity adaptation ( Bueno and Cordovill