Analysis and Classification of Modern Methods of EcologicalNormalization of Anthropogenic Load: Russia vs. the West

摘要

An overview of the classification of ecological normalization methods is presented to facilitate the evaluationof alternatives. An historical review is given of the development of several ecological normalization methods such as LifeCycle Assessment and the International Organization for Standardization's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme and thelike in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in the European mainland and in the United States ofAmerica. Mathematical models together with medical laboratory experiments were generally used in the former USSRto establish pollution permission levels, whereas environmental management tools are more emphasized in the Westernworld as ecological normalization methods for firms. Perspectives on the future development of these methods are given.It is concluded that the application of methods for ecological normalization is one of the most efficient ways of managingenvironmental matters today and this promotes human health protection. It is also concluded that the movement towardsan increasing accord in quality standards among various countries using a complex approach will result in the continuousdevelopment of ecological normalization methods.