Causal Version of Newtonian Theory by Time–Retardation of the GravitationalField Explains the Flyby Anomalies

摘要

Classical Newtonian gravitational theory does not satisfy the causality principle becauseit is based on instantaneous action-at-a-distance. A causal version of Newtonian theoryfor a large rotating sphere is derived herein by time-retarding the distance betweeninterior circulating point-mass sources and an exterior field-point. The resulting causaltheory explains exactly the six flyby anomalies reported by Anderson et al. in 2008.It also explains exactly an anomalous decrease in the Moon’s orbital speed. No otherknown theory has been shown to explain both the flyby anomalies and the lunar orbitanomaly.