Nucleoporins build the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which, as sole gate for nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange, is of outmost importance for normal cell function. Defects in the process of nucleocytoplasmic transport or in its machinery have been frequently described in human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, but only in a few cases of developmental disorders. Here we report biallelic mutations in the nucleoporin NUP88 as a novel cause of lethal fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) in two families. FADS comprises a spectrum of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders with congenital malformations related to impaired fetal movement. We show that genetic disruption of nup88 in zebrafish results in pleiotropic developmental defects reminiscent of those seen in affected human fetuses, including locomotor defects as well as defects at neuromuscular junctions. Phenotypic alterations become visible at distinct developmental stages, both in affected human fetuses and in zebrafish, whereas early stages of development are apparently normal. The zebrafish phenotypes caused by nup88 deficiency are rescued by expressing wild-type Nup88 but not the disease-linked mutant forms of Nup88. Furthermore, using human and mouse cell lines as well as immunohistochemistry on fetal muscle tissue, we demonstrate that NUP88 depletion affects rapsyn, a key regulator of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. Together, our studies provide the first characterization of NUP88 in vertebrate development, expand our understanding of the molecular events causing FADS, and suggest that variants in NUP88 should be investigated in cases of FADS. Author summary Fetal movement is a prerequisite for normal fetal development and growth. Fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) is the result of decreased fetal movement coinciding with congenital malformations related to impaired fetal movement. FADS may be caused by heterogenous defects at any point along the motor system pathway and genes encoding components critical to the neuromuscular junction and acetylcholine receptor clustering represent a major class of FADS disease genes. We report here biallelic, loss-of-function mutations in the nucleoporin NUP88 that result in lethal FADS and with this the first lethal human developmental disorder due to mutations in a nucleoporin gene. We show that loss of Nup88 in zebrafish results in defects reminiscent of those seen in affected human fetuses and loss of NUP88 affects distinct developmental stages, both during human and zebrafish development. Consistent with the notion that a primary cause for FADS is impaired formation of the neuromuscular junction, loss of Nup88 in zebrafish coincides with abnormalities in acetylcholine receptor clustering, suggesting that defective NUP88 function in FADS impairs neuromuscular junction formation.
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