NASWAR (SMOKELESS TOBACCO PRODUCT), ORAL CANCER AND TOBACCO CONTROL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

摘要

The oxford medical companion is a very useful resource to have in the arsenal of any health professional dealing with illness and disease. But perhaps one of its greatest contribution to public health has been its description of tobacco. A medicinal herb to some and a recreational drug for others, the Oxford Medical Companion describes tobacco as“...tobacco is the only legally available consumer product which kills people when it is used entirely as intended”.1 Tobacco kills one person every six seconds.2 Tobacco killed more people in the 20th century than the two world wars combined and if the current trends of tobacco consumption continue, it will be responsible for more than a billion deaths by the end of the 21st century.3Recent estimates suggest that more than 250 million people in South Asia use smokeless tobacco (SLT) products4 and Pakistan is no stranger to these products with 13.3% of the population using either Naswar, Paan, Gutkha and other SLT products.3 Naswar use is a major public health challenge in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where an estimated 15% of the province’s population is addicted to this mixture of tobacco, ash and lime.5 Naswar use is associated with a variety of conditions including upper aerodigestive tract cancers, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease.6 Oral cancer has become the most common cancer among men and the second most common cancer among women in Pakistan. An estimated 6000 Pakistanis lose their lives to oral cancer every year.7 Studies from Karachi show that Naswar is a major player in the etiology of oral cancer in Pakistan.8,9As part of a doctoral research, the author has recently concluded a multi-center case control investigation into the risk of oral cancer associated with Naswar use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was the first adequately powered epidemiological study to assess this causal association in the context of the province. The results of our study, which have been submitted for publication elsewhere, suggest a strong causal association between Naswar use and oral cancer in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Users of Naswar were 20 times more likely to develop oral cancer compared to non-users. We also observed a dose-response relationship between Naswar and oral cancer i.e. the risk of oral cancer increased with increasing frequency, duration of each use and the total duration of the habit. One of the most striking findings of our study was that if Naswar use was stopped in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there will be a 70% decline in oral cancer incidence in the province. The results of our study are supported by the findings of a biochemical analysis of 30 brands of Naswar use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reported by Zakiuallh et al.6 They concluded that Naswar available in the Pakistani market had a high concentration of biochemical agents that are labelled as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.In the light of these findings, we reviewed the various tobacco control policy documents in Pakistan to identify areas which could be strengthened to curb SLT use in the country. The analysis of the three tobacco control ordinances i.e. “Cigarettes (Printing of Warning) Ordinance”-1979 ,"Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non- smokers Health Ordinance No. LXXIV” -2002, "The Cigarette (Printing of Warning) (Amendment) Ordinance No.LXXV"-2002, and the related statutory regulation led us to the following conclusions:Smoking tobacco is the main emphasis of tobacco control in Pakistan.Any references to SLT are at best, vague.There are no provisions to regulate the manufacture of SLT products.Health warnings on the packaging do not apply to SLT products.Only cigarettes and smoking tobacco products, are prohibited to be sold to and by minors.The biggest point of concern among these conclusions is the sale of SLT, to and by minors. Although it can be argued that the article 5 of the 2002 ordinance on prohibition of smoking which prohibits tobacco use inside and in the vicinity of Public buildings as well as educational institutions, includes minors, a counter argument can be made that “use” does not entail “sale”. The only official document from the current day Pakistan which forbids the consumption of SLT by a minor can be dated back to 1959, when the Princely State of Swat (Not a part of Pakistan at the time), by the decree of the Wali-e-Swat, levied a punishment and a monetary fine on the use and sale of Naswar, to and by minors. This decree was absolved when Swat acceded to Pakistan in 1969. There are other federal legislations e.g. “Employment of children act, 1991” and the “Shops and Establishments Ordinance, 1969”, which prohibit children under 14 years of age, from working in certain occupations, which could potentially include manufacture and/or sale of smokeless tobacco products, but the only tobacco product mentioned explicitly in these documents is “Bidi” (????), a form of local cigarette. Another argument can be put forward that “Minors” are de