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Spatio-temporal persistence of top predator hotspots near the Antarctic Peninsula

机译:南极半岛附近捕食者热点的时空持续性

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摘要

ABSTRACT: We quantified species richness and abundance of seabirds and marine mammals in order to identify marine areas that are persistently attractive to top predators. Shipboard surveys across a 150000 km2 grid off the Antarctic Peninsula were conducted once or twice each year from 2003 to 2011 during which the distribution and abundance of top predators were mapped. We hypothesized that spatial organization of species richness and abundance hotspots reflect persistent habitat use and are regionalized according to distance from land and oceanographic boundaries. To test this, we used a new hotspot variance metric based on the percentage of time that the species richness or abundance estimate at any one location is greater than 1 standard deviation above the long term means for the entire survey grid. Species richness hotspots were based on all species sighted, while abundance hotspots were based on concentrations of 16 species: 13 seabirds (penguins, petrels and albatrosses), 1 pinniped and 2 baleen whales. Species abundance hotspots reflected 2 major groupings—those with oceanic and coastal origins. We identified 15 richness hotspots, 9 of which were in proximity to the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front; the 6 others were associated with major breeding colonies and the location of 2 submarine canyon systems. Our approach integrates temporal and spatial variances over 14 individual surveys and provides useful reference points for identifying ecologically important areas, refining food web models and developing spatial management of and conservation strategies for marine ecosystems.
机译:摘要:我们量化了海鸟和海洋哺乳动物的物种丰富度和丰富度,以便确定对顶级掠食者持久有吸引力的海洋区域。从2003年至2011年,每年在南极半岛150000 km 2 网格上进行船上调查,一次或两次,在此期间绘制顶级捕食者的分布和数量。我们假设物种丰富度和丰度热点的空间组织反映了栖息地的持续利用,并且根据距陆地和海洋边界的距离而进行了区域化。为了对此进行测试,我们使用了一个新的热点方差度量标准,该度量依据的是时间的百分比,即任何一个位置的物种丰富度或丰度估计值大于整个调查网格的长期均值之上的1个标准差。物种丰富度热点基于发现的所有物种,而丰富度热点则基于16种物种的浓度:13种海鸟(企鹅,海燕和信天翁),1针尖and和2只鲸鱼。物种丰富度热点反映了两个主要类别,即起源于海洋和沿海的类别。我们确定了15个富集热点,其中9个位于南极洲极地洋流前线附近;其他6个与主要繁殖种群以及2个海底峡谷系统的位置有关。我们的方法整合了14个独立调查的时间和空间差异,并为确定重要的生态区域,完善食物网络模型以及开发海洋生态系统的空间管理和保护策略提供了有用的参考点。

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