The Harry Potter effect: The rise in trade of owls as pets in Java and Bali, Indonesia

摘要

Hundreds of species of wild-caught birds are offered for sale in the bird markets of Java and Bali, Indonesia, to meet the demand for the largely-domestic pet and songbird trade. In the past, owls were offered only in very small numbers in these bird markets but since the release of the Harry Potter series in Indonesia in the early 2000s their popularity as pets has increased. Whereas in the past owls were collective known as Burung Hantu (“Ghost birds”), in the bird markets they are now commonly referred to as Burung Harry Potter (“Harry Potter birds”). We made a retrospective quantitative assessment of the abundance of owls in the bird markets (1979–2010) and conducted 109 surveys in 20 bird markets in 2012–2016 to quantify owls in trade. In the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s owls were rarely recorded in Indonesia's bird markets, typically one or two and up to five per survey, and frequently no owls were recorded at all. The trade was largely confined to small scops owls. In the late 2000s more species were offered for sale, including barn and bay owls, and larger owl species such as wood-owls, eagle-owls and fish-owls; typically 10?+?owls were observed per survey. In recent years, the number of owl species increased even more, and on average we recorded 17 owls per survey, yielding a total of 1810 owls, and in >90% of the surveys owls were present. In the larger bird markets in Jakarta and Bandung typically 30 to 60 owls are on offer of up to 8 species at a time. The number of owls as a proportion of all birds in the markets increased from 0.43% post 2008, suggesting a delayed Harry Potter effect. Over this period, common species have become cheaper and less common ones have become more expensive. The owls are largely, if not exclusively, wild-caught and are sold into the domestic pet market. The release of Harry Potter films and novels in Indonesia coincided with the rise of the Internet and social media and, with some delay, the emergence of pet owl interest groups on Java and Bali, thus preventing us to demonstrate a causal Harry Potter effect on the owl trade. The overall popularity of owls as pets in Indonesia has risen to such an extent that it may imperil the conservation of some of the less abundant species. Inclusion of owls on Indonesia's protected species list, alongside all diurnal raptors, may be a first step to mitigate the negative effects of this emerging trend. prs.rt("abs_end"); 1. Introduction In the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling, first published between 1997 and 2007, different species of owls bridge the magical and muggle (“human”) world, carrying messages, packages, and even flying broom sticks to humans and wizards alike. Harry Potter himself gets a snowy owl Bubo scandiacus , named Hedwig, in the first novel and she stays with him throughout the series. Other main characters also have owls as companions throughout the series (e.g. Ron Weasley has a very small owl named Pigwidgeon, later depicted in the film series as a common scops owl Otus scops , Draco Malfoy has an Eurasian eagle-owl Bubo spp and Percy Weasley has a screech owl Megascops spp). In 2001 the first Harry Potter film was shown in cinemas, thus introducing the images of owls as human companions and messengers to a worldwide audience. Combined the novels and the films have reached audiences of 100s of millions of people (450 million copies of the books were sold, and combined the series grossed some US$7.7 billion in the box office). An increase in popularity of certain animals following their appearance on the big screen or in television series is a well-known phenomenon, yet it is rarely quantified and, as ever, correlation does not indicate causation. Furthermore, an increase in popularity seldom is immediate and discernable increases can be delayed for several years. Herzog et?al. (2004) compared the popularity of purebred dogs in the US after the release of the Disney film 101 Dalmatians in 1985, and found that it took seven years before new Dalmatian registrations increased 6.2-fold, which was significantly larger than that of other breeds during that time period. The release of the first Jurassic Park film in 1993 led to a one to three year delayed spike in the global trade in green iguanas Iguana iguana ( Christy, 2008 ; Nijman and Shepherd, 2011 ). Finally, following the release of another Disney film Finding Nemo in 2003 it was reported that the sales of clown fish increased ( Prosek, 2010 ) to the extent that in 2005 four species of clown fish ( Amphiprion ocellaris , Amphiprion percula , Amphiprion frenatus and Premnas biaculeatus ) were included in the twenty most imported marine aquarium fish into the US ( Rhyne et?al., 2012 ). Militz and Foale (2017) , however, noted that while there was an increase in imports of clown fish ( A . ocellaris and A . percula ) following the release of Finding Nemo , most pronounced two years later, this increase was less than the overall increase in imports of marine