Understanding how extinct species are related to each other or to their living relatives is often a difficult task. Many extinct species have been identified only from incomplete fragments of some of their bones. However, even if complete skeletons have been found, determining the relationships between species can be tricky because researchers often have to rely solely on the shapes of the bones. It is sometimes possible to retrieve DNA sequences from fossil bones. This is easier with younger fossils and those that have been recovered from cold environments. Ancient DNA sequences have been retrieved from only a few fossils older than 100,000 years, but such DNA sequences can be tremendously useful in determining how different species are related to each other. Today there are three living elephant species the African forest elephant, the African savanna elephant and the Asian elephant. However, there are many extinct elephant species. For example, the European straight-tusked elephant went extinct at least 30,000 years ago, although most of the fossils that have been discovered are at least 100,000 years old. Straight-tusked elephants are generally assumed to be closely related to the Asian elephant, but this conclusion had been based solely on reconstructing skeletons. Meyer et al. have now obtained DNA sequences from fossils of four straight-tusked elephants ranging from around 120,000 to 240,000 years in age. These sequences were analysed to determine how straight-tusked elephants are related to the three living elephant species and the extinct mammoth, the DNA sequences for which can be found in public databases. The analyses revealed that straight-tusked elephants are in fact most closely related to the African forest elephant, not the Asian elephant as previously thought. This result completely changes our picture of elephant evolution and suggests that it is extremely difficult to determine elephant relationships based on the shape of their skeleton alone. It also shows that the African elephant lineage was not restricted to the African continent (the place where all elephant lineages originated), but that it also left Africa. Overall, the results presented by Meyer et al. confirm that DNA sequences are of critical importance for understanding the evolution of animals. Future research should include obtaining DNA sequences from additional extinct elephant species as well as careful re-evaluation of skeletal measurements for reconstructing elephant evolution.
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