Population, habitat, and marine location effects on early marine survival and behavior of Puget Sound steelhead smolts

摘要

Steelhead trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss ) smolts suffer high mortality rates during their rapid migration through the Salish Sea. Among‐population variability in mortality rates may reflect (1) genetic fitness variation among populations, (2) freshwater environmental effects on fish condition, or (3) differences in local marine conditions upon seawater entry. A reciprocal transplant experiment was conducted to separate the influence of freshwater effects (combined effects of population and freshwater environment) from effects of local marine conditions on survival of two Puget Sound steelhead populations. Steelhead smolts from the Green River in Central Puget Sound (urbanized and hatchery‐influenced) and the Nisqually River in South Puget Sound (less urbanized; no hatchery influence) were tagged with acoustic telemetry transmitters and released back into their natal river or transported and released into the other river. Population of origin had little influence on probability of surviving the migration through Puget Sound. However, smolts released into the Green River had higher survival through Puget Sound (17%) than smolts released into the Nisqually River (6%); the extra 64‐km migration segment for the Nisqually‐released fish accounted for most of the difference between the two release locations. Neither fork length nor translocation influenced survival, though release date did affect survival of Nisqually population smolts regardless of their release location. Residence time and behavior in the two estuaries were similar, and no effects of population of origin or release date were evident. Marine travel rates also did not differ between populations, release dates, or release locations. This study indicates that mortality occurring in the Salish Sea is likely driven by processes in inland marine environments, more so than intrinsic effects of population or freshwater‐rearing environments.