In vitro Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration of Swertia chirayita: A Critically Endangered Medicinal Plant

摘要

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. It involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions. But, aquaculture competes with other land and water users for space, and, the number of available sites which are suitable for aquaculture is finite throughout the world. Moreover, the technical problems associated with aquaculture in the coastal areas are to be solved yet. However, there is considerable scope to improve the efficiency, intensity and productivity of aquaculture systems worldwide. And, this task can be accomplished by the application of biotechnology and introduction of GMOs in the aquaculture. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) refers to the organism whose genetic material is altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of appropriate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) offers considerable opportunities for more efficient and more effective aquaculture across a wide range of species. This potential of GMOs has already been realized and commercially accepted in agricultural crop production, and, the area for sowing transgenic crop has exceeded 60 million hectares. However, in aquaculture, although many GMOs have been produced, but there is lack of any potential for the commercialisation of these GMOs. This is mainly due to some problems associated with the cultivation of GMOs in aquaculture. But at present, research is going on for overcoming all these problems. The international aquaculture industry is exploring measures to increase their efficiency due to the growing demand for fish worldwide that cannot be met from wild-caught fish alone. Research into developing genetically modified fish has been conducted in many maritime countries. Here, in this paper, the nature of GMOs, the range of aquatic species in which GMOs have been produced, the benefits to aquaculture, the problems attached to use of GMOs and the regulatory and other social frameworks surrounding them are presented.