Evaluation of Thermo-Acoustic and Non-Linearity Parameters (B/A) of Glycine, a-alanine, β-alanine and Phenyl Alanine in D-fructose Solutions at 298.15 K

摘要

To assess the irrational antibiotic use in pharyngitis and gastroenteritis by self-medication in Karachi, Pakistan. Self-medication is a common trait among residents of Karachi. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in pharyngitis and gastroenteritis play a major role in the development and spread of antibiotics resistant strains. A self-constructed, prevalidated questionnaire with open and close ended items was administered on the local residents of Karachi, Pakistan (August 2011to July 2012). Participants were enrolled following informed consent and knowledge of the purpose of the study. The tendency to self-medicate in pharyngitis (30%) is more than seeking appropriate medical treatment 22%, whereas in gastroenteritis 23% as compare to prescription by doctor 25%.Self- medication in pharyngitis is by co-amoxiclav 14.65%, cefixime 14.42%, amoxicillin 13.73%, clarythromycin 9.15% erythromycin 5.95% and antibiotics use in gastroenteritis by self-medication is metronidazole 29.23%, tetracycline 11.59%, ciprofloxacin 7.97%, metronidazole + diloxamide furoate 7.25%, clindamycin 4.11%. Antibiotics acquired from licensed pharmacists are 33.49% whereas 46.42% antibiotics are purchased from local stores and 20.09% are borrowed.42.07% antibiotic regimen is completed while 57.93%remain incomplete. Irrational antibiotic use on such a large scale leads to acquired pathogenic resistance, hence signifying the need of appropriate pharmacovigilance in order to constrain the intricate scenario.