Non-Toxic Fumigation and Alternative Control Techniques Against Fungal Colonization for Preserving Archaeological Oil Painting

摘要

In this study, samples were collected from the deteriorated parts of archeological oil painting of Ismael pasha exhibited in Al-Gizyra museum, Egypt. The tested oil painting grounds belonged to the period from beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th in Egypt were analysed and fungal deterioration aspects were examined by different techniques such as Scanning Eectron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The data show that calcium sulphate was the major component of the tested oil painting sample. Brittleness and deep cracks were observed as result of fungal damage. Seventeen different fungal species were isolated from the tested Ismael pasha oil painting, belonging to the genera of Acremonium , Alternaria , Aspergillus , Aureobasidium , Cladosporium , Curvularia , Fusarium , Geotrichum , Mucor , Penicillium , Phoma , Rhizopus , Scopulariopsis , Stemphylium and Trichoderima . The data reveal that Cladosporium cladosporioides contributed the broadest spectra in the tested oil painting. Screening for proteolytic and celluloytic enzyme activities indicate that the genera of Cadosporium , Alternaria and Aspergilli showed the highest significant enzyme activities. Comparative sensitivity to radiation against all isolated fungal species indicate that the treatment of the tested fungal species with diode laser lead to complete inhibition of all tested species after 15 min exposure time. Calcium sulfate at 0.10% concentration lead to the highest dry weight of C . cladosporioides (1.63 g/100 mL), while the change in pH was nearly non-significantly affected with sulphur concentration. Gel electrophoresis patterns of the most radioresistant species ( C. cladosporioides ) reveal the dramatic loss of essentially all major protein bands after laser irradiation.