Chemical characterization of atmospheric ions at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland)

摘要

pstrongAbstract./strong The ion composition at high altitude (3454span class="thinspace"/spanmspan class="thinspace"/spana.s.l.) was measured with an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer??(APi-TOF) during a period of 9 months, from August??2013 to April??2014. The negative mass spectra were dominated by the ions of sulfuric, nitric, malonic, and methanesulfonic acid??(MSA) as well as SOsub5/subsupa??/sup. The most prominent positive ion peaks were from amines. The other cations were mainly organic compounds clustered with a nitrogen-containing ion, which could be either NHsub4/subsup+/sup or an aminium. Occasionally the positive spectra were characterized by groups of compounds each differing by a methylene group. In the negative spectrum, sulfuric acid was always observed during clear sky conditions following the diurnal cycle of solar irradiation. On many occasions we also saw a high signal of sulfuric acid during nighttime when clusters up to the tetramer were observed. A plausible reason for these events could be evaporation from particles at low relative humidity. A remarkably strong correlation between the signals of SOsub5/subsupa??/sup and CHsub3/subSOsub3/subsupa??/sup was observed for the full measurement period. The presence of these two ions during both the day and the night suggests a non-photochemical channel of formation which is possibly linked to halogen chemistry. Halogenated species, especially Brsupa??/sup and IOsub3/subsupa??/sup, were frequently observed in air masses that originated mainly from the Atlantic Ocean and occasionally from continental areas based on back trajectory analyses. We found Isub2/subOsub5/sub clustered with an ion, a species that was proposed from laboratory and modeling studies. All halogenated ions exhibited an unexpected diurnal behavior with low values during daytime. New particle formation??(NPF) events were observed and characterized by (1)??highly oxygenated molecules??(HOMs) and low sulfuric acid or (2)??ammonia–sulfuric acid clusters. We present characteristic spectra for each of these two event types based on 26??nucleation episodes. The mass spectrum of the ammonia–sulfuric acid nucleation event compares very well with laboratory measurements reported from the CLOUD chamber. A source receptor analysis indicates that NPF events at the Jungfraujoch take place within a restricted period of time of 24–48span class="thinspace"/spanh after air masses have had contact with the boundary layer. This time frame appears to be crucial to reach an optimal oxidation state and concentration of organic molecules necessary to facilitate nucleation./p.