Chlorine oxidation of VOCs at a semi-rural site in Beijing: significant chlorine liberation from ClNOsub2/sub and subsequent gas- and particle-phase Cl–VOC production

摘要

Nitryl chloride (ClNOsub2/sub) accumulation at night acts as a significant reservoir for active chlorine and impacts the following day's photochemistry when the chlorine atom is liberated at sunrise. Here, we report simultaneous measurements of Nsub2/subOsub5/sub and a suite of inorganic halogens including ClNOsub2/sub and reactions of chloride with volatile organic compounds (Cl–VOCs) in the gas and particle phases utilising the Filter Inlet for Gas and AEROsols time-of-flight chemical ionisation mass spectrometer?(FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS) during an intensive measurement campaign 40 km northwest of Beijing in May and June?2016. A maximum mixing ratio of 2900 ppt of ClNOsub2/sub was observed with a mean campaign nighttime mixing ratio of 487 ppt, appearing to have an anthropogenic source supported by correlation with SOsub2/sub, CO and benzene, which often persisted at high levels after sunrise until midday. This was attributed to such high mixing ratios persisting after numerous e-folding times of the photolytic lifetime enabling the chlorine atom production to reach 2.3 × 10sup5/sup molecules cmsup?3/sup from ClNOsub2/sub alone, peaking at 09:30 LT and up to 8.4 × 10sup5/sup molecules cmsup?3/sup when including the supporting inorganic halogen measurements. Cl–VOCs were observed in the particle and gas phases for the first time at high time resolution and illustrate how the iodide ToF-CIMS can detect unique markers of chlorine atom chemistry in ambient air from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Their presence and abundance can be explained via time series of their measured and steady-state calculated precursors, enabling the assessment of competing OH and chlorine atom oxidation via measurements of products from both of these mechanisms and their relative contribution to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation.