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Productive and Economic Responses in Grazing Dairy Cows to Grain Supplementation on Family Farms in the South of Brazil

机译:巴西南部家庭农场放牧奶牛对谷物补充的生产和经济响应

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Simple Summary In the South of Brazil, as in many regions where dairy production is pasture-based, the use of concentrate to supplement cattle diet frequently does not follow technical guidelines. This may result in inefficient management, with increased cost of production and lower pasture intake. In this study, small amounts of an energy supplement proved to be more economically efficient than a high protein commercial concentrate, despite a decrease in milk productivity. The cows were able to compensate for the lower levels of protein in the supplement with selective grazing for high protein plants. The quality of the milk was unaffected by the treatment. Abstract Pasture-based dairy production has been a major source of income for most family farms in the south of Brazil. Increasing milk prices have spurred an increase in grain supplementation, which has been poorly implemented, resulting in low levels of efficiency. To evaluate the consequences of supplementation on milk production and composition, grazing behavior and economic return, the widely used grain management system (CC-commercial concentrate, containing 21% CP, offered at 1 kg per 3.7 L of milk) was compared with an energy supplement (GC-ground corn, with 9.5% CP, offered at 0.4% of live weight). Ten Holstein cows were paired into two groups, and subjected to the two treatments in a crossover design. The cows remained in the same grazing group, and the grain supplement was offered individually at milking time and consumed completely. Each experimental period lasted 14 days, with 10 days for diet adaptation and four days for data collection; individual milk production and samples were collected to determine levels of fat, protein, lactose, carotenoids, vitamin A and N-urea. Grazing behavior was observed (scans every 5 min) in the first 4 h after the morning milking, and chemical composition of hand plucked samples of forage were measured. The cost of the supplement and profitability per treatment were calculated. Cows supplemented with GC consumed herbage with higher crude protein (CP: 16.23 vs. 14.62%; p 0.05), had higher biting rate (44.21 vs. 39.54 bites/min; p 0.03) and grazing time (22.20 vs. 20.55 scans; p 0.05) than when receiving CC. There were no differences in milk composition between treatments (p 0.05). However, higher concentrations of β-carotene and total carotenoids were detected in the milk of cows at 70–164 days of lactation, compared to 70 days of lactation (p 0.05). Milk production was higher (13.19 vs. 11.59 kg/day; p 0.05) when cows consumed CC, but resulted in lower profitability compared to GC (US$ 4.39 vs. US$ 4.83/cow per day). Our results show that higher productivity does not necessarily improve profitability. Cows receiving supplement with lower levels of protein were able to adjust their grazing behavior to meet their protein needs and this level of diet modification did not alter milk composition.
机译:简单总结在巴西南部,就像在许多以牧场为基础的奶牛生产地区一样,使用浓缩物补充牛的饲料经常不遵循技术准则。这可能导致管理效率低下,生产成本增加,牧场采食量降低。在这项研究中,尽管牛奶生产率下降,但少量能量补充剂比高蛋白商业浓缩物在经济上更有效。母牛能够通过选择性放牧高蛋白植物来补偿补品中较低的蛋白质水平。牛奶的质量不受治疗的影响。摘要基于牧场的奶制品生产已成为巴西南部大多数家庭农场的主要收入来源。牛奶价格上涨刺激了谷物补充的增加,而这种补充实施得不好,导致效率低下。为了评估补给对牛奶生产和成分,放牧行为和经济回报的影响,将广泛使用的谷物管理系统(CC商业浓缩物,含21%CP,每3.7 L牛奶提供1公斤谷物)与一种能源进行了比较。补充(GC研磨的玉米,CP含量为9.5%,占活重的0.4%)。将十头荷斯坦奶牛分成两组,并以交叉设计进行两种处理。奶牛仍处在相同的放牧组中,并且在挤奶时单独提供谷物补充剂并完全食用。每个实验期持续14天,其中10天用于饮食适应,四天用于数据收集。单独生产牛奶并收集样品以确定脂肪,蛋白质,乳糖,类胡萝卜素,维生素A和N尿素的水平。早晨挤奶后的头4小时内观察到放牧行为(每5分钟扫描一次),并测量了手工拔出的草料样品的化学成分。计算了补充费用和每次治疗的获利能力。补充了GC的奶牛消耗了具有更高粗蛋白的牧草(CP:16.23 vs. 14.62%; p <0.05),咬合率更高(44.21 vs. 39.54 bites / min; p <0.03)和放牧时间(22.20 vs. 20.55扫描) ; p <0.05)比接受CC时要高。两次治疗之间的牛奶成分没有差异(p> 0.05)。但是,在哺乳期70-164天时,牛奶中检出的β-胡萝卜素和总类胡萝卜素浓度较高,而哺乳期<70天则更为明显(p <0.05)。当母牛食用CC时,牛奶产量较高(13.19 vs. 11.59 kg /天; p <0.05),但与GC相比,利润较低(4.39美元/天,4.38美元/头/天)。我们的结果表明,更高的生产率并不一定会提高盈利能力。接受蛋白质含量较低的补充剂的奶牛能够调节其放牧行为以满足其蛋白质需求,并且这种饮食调节水平不会改变牛奶成分。

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