Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of the penalty points system (PPS) introduced in Spain in July 2006 in reducing traffic injuries. Methods. We performed an evaluation study with an interrupted time–series design. We stratified dependent variables—numbers of drivers involved in injury collisions and people injured in traffic collisions in Spain from 2000 to 2007 (police data)—by age, injury severity, type of road user, road type, and time of collision, and analyzed variables separately by gender. The explanatory variable (the PPS) compared the postintervention period (July 2006 to December 2007) with the preintervention period (January 2000 to June 2006). We used quasi-Poisson regression, controlling for time trend and seasonality. Results. Among men, we observed a significant risk reduction in the postintervention period for seriously injured drivers (relative risk [RR] = 0.89) and seriously injured people (RR = 0.89). The RRs among women were 0.91 ( P = .095) and 0.88 ( P 1 The penalty points system (PPS), introduced in Spain on July 1, 2006, attempts to deter drivers from committing traffic offenses. Because the PPS does not exclusively depend on monetary penalties, it affects all drivers irrespective of their income level. 2 In Spain, drivers start with a 12-point license (8-point for novice drivers), and the points are gradually removed if certain traffic violations are committed, such as exceeding the speed limit, driving while intoxicated, or using a hand-held mobile phone, culminating in license suspension if all points are lost. Only serious violations result in loss of points, with the number of points removed varying with the severity of the offense ( Table 1 ). 3 Several months before its introduction, the PPS was announced via a publicity campaign in all news media, and was included in the media agenda, giving rise to public debate. TABLE 1 Number of Points Subtracted From the Driver's License, by Type of Offense, in Spain's Penalty Points System (PPS): Spain, 2000–2007 2 Points 3 Points 4 Points 6 Points Speeding > 20 km/h to 30 km/h over the limit ( 30 km/h to 40 km/h over the limit ( 40 km/h over the limit ( 50% of the limit, at least > 30 km/h Driving without headlights when headlights are required Changing direction illegally Not obeying stop signs, traffic lights, right-of-ways, and other traffic rules Overtaking dangerously or in locations with limited visibility Driving with a blood alcohol content > 0.50 mg/L (> 0.30 mg/L for professionals and novices) Circulating with a person aged 50% more than the authorized number of occupants For professional drivers, exceeding the maximum permitted uninterrupted driving hours by > 50% or reducing subsequent rest hours by > 50% Open in a separate window Although 20 of the 27 EU member states had adopted a PPS by 2007, to date, few countries have published studies assessing its effectiveness in terms of road safety. 4 – 9 The few studies that have been published are generally simple before–after analyses, with the exception of those by Zambon et al. 4 and Pulido et al. 9 In addition, most studies have assessed only the impact of PPS on the overall number of people injured or killed, and have not considered gender, type of road user, and other variables that could help to identify in which road user profiles the PPS is effective and in which profiles it is ineffective. In Spain, the effectiveness of the PPS has been assessed only for overall numbers of fatalities on nonurban roads. 9 In addition, none of those studies have analyzed changes in risk among drivers, who are the main target of the PPS. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of the PPS in reducing the number of drivers involved in injury collisions (i.e., traffic collisions resulting in injury) and the number of people injured in traffic collisions in Spain. Our hypothesis was that the PPS is effective in reducing traffic injuries and that its effectiveness varies with gender, age, injury severity, type of road user, road type, and time of collision.
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机译：目标。我们评估了2006年7月在西班牙引入的罚款积分系统（PPS）在减少交通伤害方面的有效性。方法。我们使用中断的时间序列设计进行了评估研究。我们按年龄，伤害严重性，道路使用者的类型，道路类型和碰撞时间对因变量（西班牙从2000年至2007年发生的交通事故中驾驶员受伤和交通事故中受伤的人数）进行了分层分析，并进行了分析按性别分别变量。解释变量（PPS）将干预后的时期（2006年7月至2007年12月）与干预前的时期（2000年1月至2006年6月）进行了比较。我们使用准Poisson回归，控制时间趋势和季节性。结果。在男性中，我们观察到干预后的时期，严重受伤的驾驶员（相对危险度[RR] = 0.89）和严重受伤的人（RR = 0.89）的风险显着降低。女性的RR分别为0.91（P = .095）和0.88（P 1 2006年7月1日在西班牙引入的罚分制度（PPS）试图阻止驾驶员实施交通违法行为。 2 在西班牙，驾驶员以12分的驾照开始（新手为8分）。如果犯下某些交通违规行为，例如逐渐超过速度限制，醉酒驾驶或使用手持移动电话，并逐渐失去所有积分，最终将被吊销执照，然后逐渐取消。 3 实施前的几个月，PPS在所有新闻媒体上通过宣传活动宣布，并被纳入了媒体议程表1得分点在西班牙的刑罚积分系统（PPS）中，按违法行为从驾驶执照中扣除：西班牙，2000–2007年2分3分4分6分超速（> 20 km / h至30 km / h（30 km / h超出限制40 km / h（超出限制40 km / h（限制的50％，至少> 30 km / h）当需要大灯时不带大灯行驶非法改变方向不遵守停车标志，交通信号灯，道路通行权和其他交通规则在危险中或在能见度有限的地方超车血液中酒精含量> 0.50 mg / L（专业人士和新手> 0.30 mg / L）驾驶与超过50％授权的乘员人数对于专业驾驶员，超过最大允许的不间断驾驶时间> 50％或将其后的休息时间减少> 50％在单独的窗口中打开尽管迄今为止，欧盟27个成员国中有20个在2007年之前采用了PPS ，很少有国家发表评估其有效性的研究 4 – 9 除了Zambon等人的 4 和Pulido等人。 9 此外，大多数研究仅评估了PPS对受伤或死亡人数总数的影响，并未考虑性别，道路使用者的类型以及其他可能有助于确定PPS在哪些道路用户配置文件中有效，在哪些道路配置文件中无效。在西班牙，仅针对非城市道路上的死亡总数评估了PPS的有效性。 9 此外，这些研究均未分析驾驶员风险的变化，而驾驶员是驾驶员死亡的主要目标。 PPS。我们的目标是评估PPS在减少西班牙因交通事故导致的交通事故中受伤的人数和减少交通事故中受伤人数的有效性。我们的假设是，PPS可以有效减少交通伤害，并且其有效性随性别，年龄，伤害严重程度，道路使用者的类型，道路类型和碰撞时间而变化。
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