The prevalence of obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher for adults and as 2 standard deviations above the World Health Organization growth standard mean for children, has increased in many parts of the world. Footnote 1 Obese adults are at an increased risk of certain chronic conditions, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, and of premature death. Footnote 2 , Footnote 3 Obese children have increased cardiometabolic risk, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and elevated blood pressure. Footnote 4 , Footnote 5 , Footnote 6 Excess childhood body weight that continues into adulthood can affect quality of life, educational attainment and earnings over the lifecourse. Footnote 7 , Footnote 8 The Public Health Agency of Canada has projected an annual direct health care cost (including physician, hospitalization and medication costs) of those categorized as obese in Canada in constant 2001 Canadian dollars. Calculated as $7.0 billion in 2011, this annual direct health care cost is projected to rise to $8.8 billion by 2021, based on simulated average direct health care costs, which are higher among the obese ($2,283) than the overweight ($1,726), the underweight ($1,298) and those at normal weight ($1,284). Footnote 9 Canadian estimates from 2006 and 2008 that used different methodologies place the annual economic burden (direct and indirect costs) of obesity between $4.6 billion and $7.1 billion. Footnote 10 , Footnote 11 The purpose of this evidence brief is to show current Canadian obesity prevalence rates and estimates for the future using objectively measured height and weight to calculate BMI. The use of objectively measured height and weight to derive BMI is strongly recommended, especially for children and adolescents, Footnote 12 as self- or proxy-reported height and weight tend to underestimate actual weight and consequently BMI and obesity prevalence.
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