Mammalian haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs) have been recently generated from parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos1,2. Both parthenogenetic haESCs (PG-haESCs) and androgenetic haESCs (AG-haESCs) can be used for cell-based reverse and forward genetic screens on a whole-genome scale3,4. AG-haESCs, after intracytoplasmic injection into oocytes (referred to as ICAHCI), can be used as a sperm replacement to produce healthy semi-cloned (SC) mice at a rate of ~2% of transferred embryos5,6.
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