Consumptive and Non‐Consumptive Effects of Predators Vary with the Ontogeny of their Prey

摘要

Crucially, only these larger sea urchins were capable of trans- forming macroalgal forests. The decoupling between risk and fear as prey growth indicates that the strength of consumptive and non-consumptive trophic cascades may act differently at different ontogenetic stages of prey.