A halocarbon survey from a seagrass dominated subtropical lagoon, Ria Formosa (Portugal): flux pattern and isotopic composition

摘要

pstrongAbstract./strong In this study we report fluxes of chloromethane (CHsub3/subCl), bromomethane (CHsub3/subBr), iodomethane (CHsub3/subI), and bromoform (CHBrsub3/sub) from two sampling campaigns (summer and spring) in the seagrass dominated subtropical lagoon Ria Formosa, Portugal. Dynamic flux chamber measurements were performed when seagrass patches were either air-exposed or submerged. Overall, we observed highly variable fluxes from the seagrass meadows and attributed them to diurnal cycles, tidal effects, and the variety of possible sources and sinks in the seagrass meadows. The highest emissions with up to 130 nmol msupa??2/sup hsupa??1/sup for CHsub3/subBr were observed during tidal changes, from air exposure to submergence and conversely. Furthermore, during the spring campaign, the emissions of halocarbons were significantly elevated during tidal inundation as compared to air exposure. brbr Accompanying water sampling performed during both campaigns revealed elevated concentrations of CHsub3/subCl and CHsub3/subBr, indicating productive sources within the lagoon. Stable carbon isotopes of halocarbons from the air and water phase along with source signatures were used to allocate the distinctive sources and sinks in the lagoon. Results suggest that CHsub3/subCl was rather originating from seagrass meadows and water column than from salt marshes. Aqueous and atmospheric CHsub3/subBr was substantially enriched in sup13/supC in comparison to source signatures for seagrass meadows and salt marshes. This suggests a significant contribution from the water phase on the atmospheric CHsub3/subBr in the lagoon. brbr A rough global upscaling yields annual productions from seagrass meadows of 2.3a??4.5 Gg yrsupa??1/sup, 0.5a??1.0 Gg yrsupa??1/sup, 0.6a??1.2 Gg yrsupa??1/sup, and 1.9a??3.7 Gg yrsupa??1/sup for CHsub3/subCl, CHsub3/subBr, CHsub3/subI, and CHBrsub3/sub respectively. This suggests a minor contribution from seagrass meadows to the global production of CHsub3/subCl and CHsub3/subBr with about 0.1 and 0.7%, respectively. In comparison to the known marine sources for CHsub3/subI and CHBrsub3/sub, seagrass meadows are rather small sources./p.