Association between total water intake and dietary intake of pregnant and breastfeeding women in China: a cross-sectional survey

摘要

Pregnant and lactating women are at high risk of insufficient water intake. The cross-sectional study was mainly designed to evaluate the water intake, including total water intake (TWI), plain water intake, and water intake from beverages and foods of 200 pregnant women and 150 breastfeeding women in Beijing. A semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was employed to assess their dietary intake, TWI, plain water, and water intake from beverages and foods. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted for evaluating the association between water intake and dietary variables. On average, the TWI of pregnant and breastfeeding women was 2638?mL/day and 3218?mL/day, respectively. Only 28% of pregnant women and 27% of breastfeeding women were complied with the adequate intake (AI). Water from foods was the greatest contributor to TWI both in pregnant and breastfeeding women. TWI was positively related to some dietary variables (P??0.001). For pregnant women, with each 100?kcal/day increase in energy intake, the TWI increased by 67?mL. With each 5?g increase in daily intake of dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber, TWI increased by 72?mL, 66?mL, 22?mL, 353?mL, respectively. When the energy contribution of protein increased by 5%, TWI increased by 210?mL. The each 100?mg increase in daily sodium intake was accompanied with 52?mL increase in TWI. For breastfeeding women, with each 100?kcal/day increase in energy intake, the TWI increased by 54?mL. With each 5?g increase in daily intake of dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber, TWI increased by 53?mL, 58?mL, 16?mL, 212?mL, respectively. The each 100?mg increase in daily sodium intake was accompanied with 54?mL increase in TWI. A large proportion of pregnant and breastfeeding women in Beijing were not adherent to AI for TWI set by Chinese Nutrition Society. Water intake from foods was the greatest contributor to TWI both in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and maternal dietary intake posed impacts on water intake during pregnancy and lactation. More researches are required to assess the water intake and hydration status of the populations.