The design of fire protection systems should be project-specific, cohesive, and consider the building lifecycle from the design to construction and oper- ation. Passive fire protection systems include structural fire resistance, compartmen-tation (fire-rated walls, floors), and protection of the openings through them (fire doors, fire dampers, firestop systems). Active fire protection systems include sprinkler systems, alternative automatic fire-extinguishing systems, standpipe systems, fire extinguishers, fire alarm and detection systems, emergency alarm systems, and smoke control systems. Fire protection systems must meet the client's goals. At a minimum, buildings must be code-compliant, but owners and developers will consider construction and operational costs, the construction schedule, quality, design excellence, property protection, business continuity, and sus-tainability goals when seeking out design solutions. Projects often have various end users including customers, tenants, staff, user groups, maintenance, and facilities teams who influence these factors.
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