Mass flux at ignition in reduced pressure environments

摘要

Ignition of solid combustible materials can occur at atmospheric pressures lower than standard either in high altitude environments or inside pressurized vehicles such as aircraft and spacecraft. NASA's latest space exploration vehicles have a cabin atmosphere of reduced pressure and increased oxygen concen?tration. Recent piloted ignition experiments indicate that ignition times are reduced under these environ?mental conditions compared to normal atmospheric conditions, suggesting that the critical mass flux at ignition may also be reduced. Both effects may result in an increased fire risk of combustible solid mate?rials in reduced pressure environments that warrant further investigation. As a result, a series of exper?iments are conducted to explicitly measure fuel mass flux at ignition and ignition delay time as a function of ambient pressure for the piloted ignition of PMMA under external radiant heating. Experimental find?ings reveal that ignition time and the fuel mass flux at ignition decrease when ambient pressure is low?ered, proving with the latter what earlier authors had inferred. It is concluded that the reduced pressure environment results in smaller convective heat losses from the heated material to the surroundings, allowing for the material to heat more rapidly and pyrolyze faster. It is also proposed that a lower mass flux of volatiles is required to reach the lean flammability limit of the gases near the pilot at reduced pres?sures, due mainly to a reduced oxygen concentration, an enlarged boundary layer, and a thicker fuel spe?cies profile.