The first International Geophysical Year, conducted in 1957-58, triggered the construction of numerous research stations in Antarctica. By 1980, there were 34 year-round stations maintained by 11 countries and one geographical region: Argentina (8), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (6), United Kingdom (4), United States (4), Chile (3), Australia (3), Japan (2), New Zealand (1), Poland (1), France (1), and South Africa (1). The majority of these stations are located along Antarctica's coastline and were constructed on grade using traditional techniques for cold regions.
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