The Limits of Deliberative Democracy and Empowerment: Elite Motivation in Three Canadian Cases

摘要

Deliberative democracy was once an area of study comprising primarilynconceptual, theoretical, and normative contributions.n1nIt now spans annarray of works including case studies of deliberative democratic proce-ndures, practices, and orientations.n2nMany of these case studies tend tonyield inconclusive results concerning the achievement of the theoreticalnaims of deliberative democracy.n3nThese aims include greater distributivenjustice, democratic legitimacy, and deliberative empowerment. In recentnwork, I have drawn from theoretical writings key features of a deliber-native democratic ideal and have assessed three policy cases against itn~Johnson, 2009a!.n4nMy findings have also been mixed.