When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake

摘要

Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall dailynintake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake,nmorning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since differentntypes of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested atnvarious times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 dndiet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morningn(04.00–10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30–16.59 hours) and evening (17.00–02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairynfoods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated withnhigher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated ornwere associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beveragesnand overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducingnoverall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.