Pre-incisional epidural ropivacaine, sufentanil, clonidine, and (S)+-ketamine does not provide pre-emptive analgesia in patients undergoing major pancreatic surgery †‡

摘要

Background The concept of pre-emptive analgesia remains controversial. This prospective, randomized, and double-blind study compared epidural administration of ropivacaine 2 mg ml−1, sufentanil 0.5 µg ml−1, clonidine 3 µg ml−1, and S(+)-ketamine 0.25 mg ml−1 (study solution) given before incision with the same combination started at the end of the operation.