China's nuclear forces are fuel for controversy. Beijing is modernizing two legs of its nuclear triad-land- and sea-based ballistic missiles-with new weapons built and stored underground. It is also moving to solid-fueled weapons that can be launched in minutes from liquid-fueled missiles and to mobile land-based missiles from silos. More of these missiles will have the ability to reach the U.S. In addition, China is modernizing its nuclear warheads, despite having ceased explosive nuclear tests in 1996.
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