In the not-so-distant past, flying an airplane without an electrical system was an exercise in juggling pencil, a paper chart, some kind of written flight log, an E6-B flight computer and a watch. It was the way we were taught (and still is). Even in for-the-time modern cockpits-those with flowing electrons, for example-unless we were equipped with VOR/DME-based RNAV navigation, going direct between two airports without on-field VOR facilities still required drawing a line on a chart.
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