Energy Master Planning for Resilient Public Communities: Best Practices from North American Universities

摘要

Until recently, most planners of public communities (mili-tary garrisons, universities, and so on) addressed energy systems for new facilities on an individual facility basis without consideration of community-wide goals relevant to energy sources, renewables, storage, or future energy generation needs. Because building retrofits of public buildings typically do not address energy needs beyond the minimum code requirements, it can be difficult if not impossible to achieve community-level targets on a building-by-building basis. Planning on the basis of cost and general reliability may also fail to deliver community-level resilience. For example, many building code requirements focus on hardening to specific threats, but in a multibuilding community only a few of these buildings may be mission critical. Over the past two decades, the frequency and duration of regional power outages from weather, man-made events, and aging infrastructure have increased. Major disruptions of electric and thermal energy have degraded critical mission capabilities and caused signif-icant economic impacts. This paper describes how community level quantitative and qualitative resilience analysis and metrics have been incorporated into community planning best practices. It is based on research performed under the Inter-national Energy Agency's "Energy in Buildings and Commu-nities Program Annex 73, "focusing on the development of guidelines and tools that support the planning of net zero energy resilient public communities as well as research performed under Environmental Security Technology Certifi-cation Program (ESTCP) project EW18-D1-5281, "Technol-ogies Integration to Achieve Resilient, Low-Energy Military Installations. "This paper summarizes the energy master plans of three North American education facilities: the University of Texas at Austin, the University of California, Davis, and University of British Columbia. Each plan has been developed and adapted for implementation, where some are partially implemented. This paper will review each plan along with specific attainment targets (i.e., performance goals) and key infrastructure, and operational constraints used to develop these plans and provide technical, economic, and business concepts used in their development.