Plugin Society: Bridging the Gap Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Urban Development

摘要

China's unique context has fostered a culture of experimentation that occurs from the top down and the bottom up. Continuous waves of sweeping socioeconomic reforms have shaped the country's tumultuous history and its urban and rural development. On the ground, and often through informal means, people are forced to quickly adapt to rapid urban growth, rising costs and pressure to relocate.