Nontraditional approaches for providing potable water in small systems: Part 1

摘要

The traditional concept of treating all the water in a public water system (PWS) to drinking water quality specifications is becoming less supportable because of increasingly stringent maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), the costs of excess treatment for larger volumes of water, the construction and maintenance of oversized distribution networks, water deterioration caused by the distribution system, losses during distribution, and reduced access to sufficient high-quality source water in many locations. Meanwhile, the public is opting more and more for bottled water and supplemental treatment because of health, aesthetic, and quality concerns, higher expectations, or simply more disposable income.