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Neuronal and morphological bases of cognitive decline in aged rhesus monkeys

机译:老年恒河猴认知能力下降的神经元和形态学基础

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摘要

Rhesus monkeys provide a valuable model for studying the basis of cognitive aging because they are vulnerable to age-related decline in executive function and memory in a manner similar to humans. Some of the behavioral tasks sensitive to the effects of aging are the delayed response working memory test, recognition memory tests including the delayed nonmatching-to-sample and the delayed recognition span task, and tests of executive function including reversal learning and conceptual set-shifting task. Much effort has been directed toward discovering the neurobiological parameters that are coupled to individual differences in age-related cognitive decline. Area 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been extensively studied for its critical role in executive function while the hippocampus and related cortical regions have been a major target of research for memory function. Some of the key age-related changes in area 46 include decreases in volume, microcolumn strength, synapse density, and α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor binding densities. All of these measures significantly correlate with cognitive scores. Interestingly, the critical synaptic subtypes associated with cognitive function appear to be different between the dlPFC and the hippocampus. For example, the dendritic spine subtype most critical to task acquisition and vulnerable to aging in area 46 is the thin spine, whereas in the dentate gyrus, the density of large mushroom spines with perforated synapses correlates with memory performance. This review summarizes age-related changes in anatomical, neuronal, and synaptic parameters within brain areas implicated in cognition and whether these changes are associated with cognitive decline.
机译:恒河猴为研究认知衰老的基础提供了一种有价值的模型,因为它们容易遭受与年龄相关的执行功能和记忆力下降的方式,类似于人类。一些对衰老影响敏感的行为任务包括延迟响应工作记忆测试,识别记忆测试(包括延迟的样本不匹配和延迟识别跨度任务)以及执行功能的测试(包括逆向学习和概念上的移位)任务。已经进行了很多努力来发现与年龄相关的认知能力下降的个体差异有关的神经生物学参数。背侧前额叶皮层(dlPFC)的区域46已被广泛研究其在执行功能中的关键作用,而海马和相关皮质区域已成为记忆功能研究的主要目标。区域46中一些与年龄相关的关键变化包括体积减少,微柱强度,突触密度以及α1-和α2-肾上腺素能受体结合密度降低。所有这些措施都与认知得分显着相关。有趣的是,与认知功能相关的关键突触亚型在dlPFC和海马体之间似乎是不同的。例如,对于完成任务最关键并且最易老化的树突棘亚型,在区域46中是薄脊椎,而在齿状回中,带有穿孔突触的大蘑菇棘的密度与记忆性能相关。这篇综述总结了与认知有关的大脑区域内与年龄相关的解剖,神经元和突触参数的变化,以及这些变化是否与认知能力下降有关。

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