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  • 刊频： Bimonthly, 1999-
  • NLM标题： J Vet Diagn Invest
  • iso缩写： -
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  • 1.

    【2hr】Analytical performance and method comparison of a quantitative point-of-care immunoassay for measurement of bile acids in cats and dogs

    包量

    机译 分析性能和方法比较定量的护理点免疫测定测量猫和狗胆汁酸
    摘要：Point-of-care analyzers (POCAs) for quantitative assessment of bile acids (BAs) are scarce in veterinary medicine. We evaluated the Fuji Dri-Chem Immuno AU10V analyzer and v-BA test kit (Fujifilm) for detection of feline and canine total serum BA concentration. Results were compared with a 5th-generation assay as reference method and a 3rd-generation assay, both run on a bench-top analyzer. Analytical performance was assessed at 3 different concentration ranges, and with interferences. For method comparison, samples of 60 healthy and diseased cats and 64 dogs were included. Linearity was demonstrated for a BA concentration up to 130 µmol/L in cats (r = 0.99) and 110 µmol/L in dogs (r = 0.99). The analyzer showed high precision near the lower limit of quantification of 2 µmol/L reported by the manufacturer. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were < 5% for both species and all concentrations. Interferences were observed for bilirubin (800 mg/L) and lipid (4 g/L). There was excellent correlation with the reference method for feline (rs = 0.98) and canine samples (rs = 0.97), with proportional biases of 6.7% and −1.3%, respectively. However, a large bias (44.1%) was noted when the POCA was compared to the 3rd-generation assay. Total observed error was less than total allowable error at the 3 concentrations. The POCA reliably detected feline and canine BA in clinically relevant concentrations.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Novel application of single-cell next-generation sequencing for determination of intratumoral heterogeneity of canine osteosarcoma cell lines

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    机译 单细胞下一代测序测定犬骨膜瘤细胞系肿瘤内异质性的新建
    摘要：Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a highly aggressive and metastatic neoplasm of both the canine and human patient and is the leading form of osseous neoplasia in both species worldwide. To gain deeper insight into the heterogeneous and genetically chaotic nature of OSA, we applied single-cell transcriptome (scRNA-seq) analysis to 4 canine OSA cell lines. This novel application of scRNA-seq technology to the canine genome required uploading the CanFam3.1 reference genome into an analysis pipeline (10X Genomics Cell Ranger); this methodology has not been reported previously in the canine species, to our knowledge. The scRNA-seq outputs were validated by comparing them to cDNA expression from reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing bulk analysis of 4 canine OSA cell lines (COS31, DOUG, POS, and HMPOS) for 11 genes implicated in the pathogenesis of canine OSA. The scRNA-seq outputs revealed the significant heterogeneity of gene transcription expression patterns within the cell lines investigated (COS31 and DOUG). The scRNA-seq data showed 10 distinct clusters of similarly shared transcriptomic expression patterns in COS31; 12 clusters were identified in DOUG. In addition, cRNA-seq analysis provided data for integration into the Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software for canonical pathway analysis. Of the 81 distinct pathways identified within the clusters, 33 had been implicated in the pathogenesis of OSA, of which 18 had not been reported previously in canine OSA.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Assessment of platelet biology in equine patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

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    机译 血小板生物学评估血小板生物学患者全身炎症反应综合征
    摘要：In addition to maintaining hemostasis, platelets have an important role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. A low platelet count has been found to be a negative prognostic factor for survival in humans and horses with critical illnesses, such as sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Decreased platelet aggregation, caused by in vivo activation, has been found in human patients with severe sepsis. In our prospective controlled study, we assessed platelet biology in blood samples from 20 equine SIRS cases and 120 healthy control horses. Platelet variables such as platelet count, large platelet count, clumps, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume, and mean platelet component concentration were analyzed by laser flow cytometry (Advia 2120) from K3EDTA blood and from citrate blood. Hirudin blood samples were analyzed by impedance aggregometry (Multiplate analyzer; Roche) for platelet aggregation, including spontaneous aggregation and aggregation by 4 different agonists: adenosine diphosphate (ADPtest), ADP + prostaglandin E1 (ADPtestHS), arachidonic acid (ASPItest), and collagen (COLtest). SIRS cases had significantly lower platelet counts in K3EDTA blood (p < 0.0001) compared to control horses. There were no significant differences in aggregation values between SIRS cases and controls. Non-surviving SIRS horses did not have statistically significant lower platelet counts or lower aggregation values for COLtest, ADPtest, or ADPtestHS compared to surviving SIRS horses, although 5 non-survivors were thrombocytopenic.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Samples sizes required to accurately quantify viral load and histologic lesion severity at the maternal–fetal interface of PRRSV-inoculated pregnant gilts

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    机译 在PRRSV接种的怀孕Gilts的母形界面中准确地量化病毒载量和组织学病变严重程度所需的样品尺寸
    摘要：Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is transmitted vertically, causing fetal death in late gestation. Spatiotemporal distribution of virus at the maternal–fetal interface (MFI) is variable, and accurate assessment of viral concentration and lesions is thus subject to sampling error. Our objectives were: 1) to assess whether viral load and lesion severity in a single sample of endometrium (END) and placenta (PLC), collected near the base of the umbilical cord (the current standard), are representative of the entire organ; and 2) to compare sampling strategies and evaluate if spatial variation in viral load can be overcome by pooling of like-tissues. Spatially distinct pieces of END and PLC of 24 fetuses from PRRSV-2–infected dams were collected. PRRSV RNA quantified by RT-qPCR was compared in 5 individual pieces per fetus and in respective pools of tissue and extracted RNA. Three distinct pieces of MFI were assessed for histologic severity. Concordance correlation and kappa inter-rater agreement were used to characterize agreement among individual samples and pools. The viral load of individual samples and pools of END had greater concordance to a referent standard than did samples of PLC. Larger pool sizes had greater concordance than smaller pool sizes. Average viral load and lesion severity did not differ by location sampled, and no technical advantages of pooling tissues versus RNA extracts were found. We conclude that multiple pieces of MFI tissues must be evaluated to accurately assess lesion severity and viral load. Three pieces per fetus provided a reasonable balance of cost and logistic feasibility.
  • 5.

    【2hr】The Ontario Animal Health Network: enhancing disease surveillance andinformation sharing through integrative data sharing andmanagement

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    机译 安大略省动物健康网络：增强疾病监测和通过集成数据共享和的信息共享管理
    摘要：The Ontario Animal Health Network (OAHN) is an innovative disease surveillanceprogram created to enhance preparedness, early detection, and response to animaldisease in Ontario. Laboratory data and, where available, abattoir condemnationdata and clinical observations submitted by practicing veterinarians form thecore of regular discussions of the species-sector networks. Each network iscomprised of government veterinarians or specialists, epidemiologists,pathologists, university species specialists, industry stakeholders, andpracticing veterinarians, as appropriate. Laboratorians provide data fordiseases of interest as determined by the individual network, and networkmembers provide analysis and context for the large volume of information.Networks assess data for disease trends and the emergence of new clinicalsyndromes, as well as generate information on the health and disease status foreach sector in the province. Members assess data validity and quality, which maybe limited by multiple factors. Interpretation of laboratory tests andantimicrobial resistance trends without available clinical histories can bechallenging. Extrapolation of disease incidence or risk from laboratorysubmissions to broader species populations must be done with caution. Diseaseinformation is communicated in a variety of media to inform veterinary andagricultural sectors of regional disease risks. Through network engagement,information gaps have been addressed, such as educational initiatives to improvesample submissions and enhance diagnostic outcomes, and the development ofapplied network-driven research. These diverse network initiatives, developedafter careful assessment of laboratory and other data, demonstrate that novelapproaches to analysis and interpretation can result in a variety of diseaserisk mitigation actions.
  • 6.

    【2hr】SARS-CoV2 spike protein gene variants with N501T and G142D mutation–dominated infections in mink in the United States

    包量

    机译 SARS-COV2穗蛋白基因变体与N501T和G142D突变突变统治的感染在美国在美国
    • 作者：Hugh Y. CaiAllison Cai
    • 刊名：Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc
    • 2021年第5期
    摘要：Large numbers of mink have been infected with SARS-CoV2 containing the spike protein Y453F mutation in Europe, causing zoonosis concerns. To evaluate the genetic characteristics of the U.S. and Canadian mink–derived SARS-CoV2 sequences, we analyzed all animal-derived (977) and all Canadian (19,529) and U.S. (173,277) SARS-CoV2 sequences deposited in GISAID from December 2019 to March 12, 2021, and identified 2 dominant novel variants, the N501T-G142D variant and N501T-G142D-F486L variant, in the U.S. mink–derived SARS-CoV2 sequences. These variants were not found in mink from Canada or other countries. The Y453F mutation was not identified in the mink-derived sequences in the United States and Canada. The N501T mutation occurred 2 mo earlier in humans than in mink in the United States, and the novel N501T-G142D and N501T-G142D-F486L variants were found in humans prior to mink. Our results suggest that the novel SARS-CoV2 variants may have evolved during human infection and were then transmitted to mink populations in the United States.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Investigation of the occurrence of Angiostrongylusvasorum in coyotes in southern Ontario Canada

    包量

    机译 调查Angiostrongylus的发生在加拿大安大略省南部的土狼的血管血管
    摘要：In North America, the only endemic focus for Angiostrongylusvasorum (French heartworm) was historically thought to occur in thesoutheastern part of the island of Newfoundland. However, reports of A.vasorum infection in wild canids in West Virginia, USA, and NovaScotia, Canada, suggest the introduction of the parasite to mainland NorthAmerica. We screened for A. vasorum in coyotes from acrosssouthern Ontario. Additionally, we evaluated the performance of ELISAs fordetection of circulating A. vasorum antigen (Ag-ELISA) andantibodies against A. vasorum (Ab-ELISA) designed for use insera or blood of foxes for use with coyotes in this region. Autopsies wereperformed on 397 coyotes, and lung tissue extract prepared from each carcass wastested via both ELISAs. The sensitivity and specificity for both tests wereestimated in the absence of a gold standard using a 2-test single populationBayesian model; sensitivity and specificity priors were based on the performanceof the assays in foxes in Switzerland. Eight coyotes tested positive forA. vasorum antigen; no animal was antibody positive. Theestimated sensitivity and specificity of the Ag-ELISA were 90.8% (95% credibleinterval [CrI]: 83.8–95.6%) and 95.5% (95% CrI: 93.4–97.2%), respectively. Forthe Ab-ELISA, the estimated sensitivity and specificity were 41.9% (95% CrI:32.1–51.9%) and 98.0% (95% CrI: 96.3–99.0%), respectively. Based on thesefindings and negative postmortem data for the same animals, there isinsufficient evidence to suggest the presence of A. vasorum insouthern Ontario coyotes.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Differential white blood cell counts in rabbits: a comparison of theAdvia 2120 and a manual method

    包量

    机译 兔子中的差异白细胞计数：比较Advia 2120和手动方法
    摘要：We evaluated the performance of the Advia 2120 (Siemens) differential leukocytecount (A-Diff) compared to the manual method (M-Diff) in rabbits.EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples collected for diagnostic purposes wereanalyzed within 6 h of collection. The M-Diff was performed blindly by 2observers on blood smears by counting 200 cells. We initially included 117samples; 25 samples were excluded because of suboptimal gating of leukocytes inthe Advia peroxidase cytogram or poor blood smear quality. The correlationbetween the A-Diff and M-Diff was very high for heterophils (r = 0.924,p < 0.001) and lymphocytes (r = 0.903,p < 0.001), high for basophils (r = 0.823,p < 0.001), moderate for monocytes (r = 0.645,p < 0.001), and low for eosinophils (r = 0.336,p = 0.001). The Passing–Bablok regression analyses revealeda small-to-moderate constant error for lymphocytes and a slight constant errorfor basophils. Small proportional errors were detected for heterophils,lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The Bland–Altman analyses revealed that the Adviasignificantly underestimates heterophils and overestimates lymphocytes comparedto M-Diff. The biases for the other leukocytes were minimal and likely clinicalinsignificant; however, our results, particularly for eosinophils, should beinterpreted cautiously given the observed low percentages in our samples. Giventhe observed biases in heterophil and lymphocyte percentages in the Advia 2120CBC results in rabbits, method-specific reference intervals should be used. TheAdvia can recognize leporine basophils. Evaluation of blood smears is stillrecommended to investigate abnormal results and erroneous cytograms reported bythe Advia.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Corrigendum

    包量

    机译 勘误
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc
    • 2020年第4期
    摘要：Corrigendum to: Officer K, Lan NT, Wicker L, Hoa NT, Weegenaar A, Robinson J, Ryoji Y, Loukopoulos P. Foot-and-mouth disease in Asiatic black bears ( ). J Vet Diagn Invest 2014;26(5):705–713. DOI:
  • 10.

    【2hr】Inhibition monitoring in veterinary molecular testing

    包量

    机译 兽医分子检测中的抑制监测
    摘要：Many of the sample matrices typically used for veterinary molecular testing contain inhibitory factors that can potentially reduce analytic sensitivity or produce false-negative results by masking the signal produced by the nucleic acid target. Inclusion of internal controls in PCR-based assays is a valuable strategy not only for monitoring for PCR inhibitors, but also for monitoring nucleic acid extraction efficiency, and for identifying technology errors that may interfere with the ability of an assay to detect the intended target. The Laboratory Technology Committee of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians reviewed the different types of internal controls related to monitoring inhibition of PCR-based assays, and provides information here to encourage veterinary diagnostic laboratories to incorporate PCR internal control strategies as a routine quality management component of their molecular testing.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Guidelines for Sanger sequencing and molecular assay monitoring

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    机译 Sanger测序和分子测定监测指南
    摘要：Genetic sequencing, or DNA sequencing, using the Sanger technique has become widely used in the veterinary diagnostic community. This technology plays a role in verification of PCR results and is used to provide the genetic sequence data needed for phylogenetic analysis, epidemiologic studies, and forensic investigations. The Laboratory Technology Committee of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians has prepared guidelines for sample preparation, submission to sequencing facilities or instrumentation, quality assessment of nucleic acid sequence data performed, and for generating basic sequencing data and phylogenetic analysis for diagnostic applications. This guidance is aimed at assisting laboratories in providing consistent, high-quality, and reliable sequence data when using Sanger-based genetic sequencing as a component of their laboratory services.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Validation of laboratory tests for infectious diseases in wild mammals: review and recommendations

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    机译 野生哺乳动物传染病的实验室检验验证：审查和建议
    摘要：Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of tests for infectious diseases in wild animals is challenging, and some of the limitations may affect compliance with the OIE-recommended test validation pathway. We conducted a methodologic review of test validation studies for OIE-listed diseases in wild mammals published between 2008 and 2017 and focused on study design, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. Most published papers addressed Mycobacterium bovis infection in one or more wildlife species. Our review revealed limitations or missing information about sampled animals, identification criteria for positive and negative samples (case definition), representativeness of source and target populations, and species in the study, as well as information identifying animals sampled for calculations of DSe and DSp as naturally infected captive, free-ranging, or experimentally challenged animals. The deficiencies may have reflected omissions in reporting rather than design flaws, although lack of random sampling might have induced bias in estimates of DSe and DSp. We used case studies of validation of tests for hemorrhagic diseases in deer and white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats to demonstrate approaches for validation when new pathogen serotypes or genotypes are detected and diagnostic algorithms are changed, and how purposes of tests evolve together with the evolution of the pathogen after identification. We describe potential benefits of experimental challenge studies for obtaining DSe and DSp estimates, methods to maintain sample integrity, and Bayesian latent class models for statistical analysis. We make recommendations for improvements in future studies of detection test accuracy in wild mammals.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Inter-laboratory comparison of 2 ELISA kits used for foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein serology

    包量

    机译 用于患者疾病病毒非结构蛋白血清学的2个ELISA试剂盒的实验室间比较
    摘要：Serologic assays used to detect antibodies to nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are used for disease surveillance in endemic countries, and are essential to providing evidence for freedom of the disease with or without vaccination and to recover the free status of a country after an outbreak. In a 5-site inter-laboratory study, we compared the performance of 2 commercial NSP ELISA kits (ID Screen FMD NSP ELISA single day [short] and overnight protocols, ID.Vet; PrioCHECK FMDV NS antibody ELISA, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The overall concordance between the PrioCHECK and ID Screen test was 93.8% (95% CI: 92.0–95.2%) and 94.8% (95% CI: 93.1–96.1%) for the overnight and short ID Screen incubation protocols, respectively. Our results indicate that the assays (including the 2 different formats of the ID Screen test) can be used interchangeably in post-outbreak serosurveillance.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Identification of novel testing matrices for African swine fever surveillance

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    机译 非洲猪瘟病监测新型测试矩阵
    摘要：African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of pigs and wild boar, and it threatens global food security. We aimed to identify suitable sample matrices for use in ASF surveillance programs. Six pigs inoculated with ASFV were sampled at postmortem. Blood, bone marrow, ear biopsies, and oral, nasal, and rectal swabs were taken from all pigs. All samples were analyzed using 3 real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays and a LAMP assay. ASFV was detected at > 107 genome copies/mL in blood; bone marrow was found to provide the highest viral load. Ct values provided by the rtPCR assays were correlated, and ASFV was detected in all oral, nasal, and rectal swabs and in all ear biopsy samples irrespective of the location from which they were taken. The LAMP assay had lower sensitivity, and detected ASFV in 54 of 66 positive samples, but delivered positive results within 17 min. We identified additional sample matrices that can be considered depending on the sampling situation: bone marrow had a high probability of detection, which could be useful for decomposed carcasses. However, ear biopsies provide an appropriate, high-throughput sample matrix to detect ASFV and may be useful during surveillance programs.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Focus issue on clostridial disease

    包量

    机译 焦点问题对梭菌疾病
    摘要：Several clostridial diseases of humans and animals have been known for centuries. Botulism, for instance, was first recorded in 1735, after the consumption of German sausages, although the etiology was not discovered until 1895; its first neurotoxin was identified in 1944.1 Many more clostridial diseases and their etiologies have been discovered since then and, more importantly, several vaccines and other preventive methods have been developed and are today commercially available worldwide.8 Notable progress has been made over the past 2 decades or so in fulfilling conventional and molecular Koch postulates for several clostridial diseases of humans and animals. This has contributed significantly to the understanding of the role of several clostridial species in human and animal disease.7
  • 16.

    【2hr】Gas gangrene in mammals: a review

    包量

    机译 哺乳动物的天然气Gangrene：审查
    摘要：Gas gangrene is a necrotizing infection of subcutaneous tissue and muscle that affects mainly ruminants and horses, but also other domestic and wild mammals. Clostridium chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi type A, C. perfringens type A, and C. sordellii are the etiologic agents of this disease, acting singly or in combination. Although a presumptive diagnosis of gas gangrene can be established based on clinical history, clinical signs, and gross and microscopic changes, identification of the clostridia involved is required for confirmatory diagnosis. Gross and microscopic lesions are, however, highly suggestive of the disease. Although the disease has a worldwide distribution and can cause significant economic losses, the literature is limited mostly to case reports. Thus, we have reviewed the current knowledge of gas gangrene in mammals.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Tetanus in animals

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    机译 动物的破伤风
    • 作者：Michel R. Popoff
    • 刊名：Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc
    • 2020年第2期
    摘要：Tetanus is a neurologic disease of humans and animals characterized by spastic paralysis. Tetanus is caused by tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced by Clostridium tetani, an environmental soilborne, gram-positive, sporulating bacterium. The disease most often results from wound contamination by soil containing C. tetani spores. Horses, sheep, and humans are highly sensitive to TeNT, whereas cattle, dogs, and cats are more resistant. The diagnosis of tetanus is mainly based on the characteristic clinical signs. Identification of C. tetani at the wound site is often difficult.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Pathobiology and diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis in animals

    包量

    机译 病理生物学和患者梭菌肝炎的诊断
    • 作者：Mauricio A. NavarroFrancisco A. Uzal
    • 刊名：Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc
    • 2020年第2期
    摘要：Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. Clostridium novyi type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less frequently in other species. Spores of C. novyi type B can be present in soil; after ingestion, they reach the liver via portal circulation where they persist in phagocytic cells. Following liver damage, frequently caused by migrating parasites, local anaerobic conditions allow germination of the clostridial spores and production of toxins. C. novyi type B alpha toxin causes necrotizing hepatitis and extensive edema, congestion, and hemorrhage in multiple organs. Clostridium haemolyticum causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) in cattle, sheep, and rarely, horses. Beta toxin is the main virulence factor of C. haemolyticum, causing hepatic necrosis and hemolysis. Clostridium piliforme, the causal agent of Tyzzer disease (TD), is the only gram-negative and obligate intracellular pathogenic clostridia. TD occurs in multiple species, but it is more frequent in foals, lagomorphs, and laboratory animals. The mode of transmission is fecal–oral, with ingestion of spores from a fecal-contaminated environment. In affected animals, C. piliforme proliferates in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in necrosis, and then disseminates to the liver and other organs. Virulence factors for this microorganism have not been identified, to date. Given the peracute or acute nature of clostridial hepatitis in animals, treatment is rarely effective. However, INH and BH can be prevented, and should be controlled by vaccination and control of liver flukes. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent TD.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Clostridium perfringens type C necrotic enteritis in pigs: diagnosis pathogenesis and prevention

    包量

    机译 Clostridium perfringens型猪型坏死肠炎：诊断发病机制和预防
    摘要：Clostridium perfringens type C causes severe and lethal necrotic enteritis (NE) in newborn piglets. NE is diagnosed through a combination of pathology and bacteriologic investigations. The hallmark lesion of NE is deep, segmental mucosal necrosis with marked hemorrhage of the small intestine. C. perfringens can be isolated from intestinal samples in acute cases but it is more challenging to identify pathogenic strains in subacute-to-chronic cases. Toxinotyping or genotyping is required to differentiate C. perfringens type C from commensal type A strains. Recent research has extended our knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease, although important aspects remain to be determined. The pathogenesis involves rapid overgrowth of C. perfringens type C in the small intestine, inhibition of beta-toxin (CPB) degradation by trypsin inhibitors in the colostrum of sows, and most likely initial damage to the small intestinal epithelial barrier. CPB itself acts primarily on vascular endothelial cells in the mucosa and can also inhibit platelet function. Prevention of the disease is achieved by immunization of pregnant sows with C. perfringens type C toxoid vaccines, combined with proper sanitation on farms. For the implementation of prevention strategies, it is important to differentiate between disease-free and pathogen-free status of a herd. The latter is more challenging to maintain, given that C. perfringens type C can persist for a long time in the environment and in the intestinal tract of adult animals and thus can be distributed via clinically and bacteriologically inapparent carrier animals.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in animals

    包量

    机译 梭菌（梭氏菌）在动物中艰难
    • 作者：J. Scott Weese
    • 刊名：Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc
    • 2020年第2期
    摘要：Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is an important cause of disease in people, a variably important cause of disease in some animal species, and an apparently harmless commensal in others. Regardless of whether it is a known pathogen in a particular species, it can also be found in healthy individuals, sometimes at high prevalences and typically with higher rates of carriage in young individuals. As it is investigated in more animal species, it is apparent that this bacterium is widely disseminated in a diverse range of domestic and wild animal species. Although it can be found in most species in which investigations have been performed, there are pronounced intra- and inter-species differences in prevalence and clinical relevance. A wide range of strains can be identified, some that appear to be animal associated and others that are found in humans and animals. A large percentage of strains that cause disease in people can at least sporadically be found in animals. It is a potentially important zoonotic pathogen, but there is limited direct evidence of animal–human transmission. Although C. difficile has been studied extensively over the past few decades, it remains an enigmatic organism in many ways.
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