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共923条结果
  • 1.

    【2hr】Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Hydrogen Peroxide-based Kit versus a Benzoyl Peroxide-based Kit in Mild-to-moderate Acne

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    机译 基于轻度至中度痤疮的过氧化氢试剂盒与过氧化苯甲酰试剂盒的多中心随机对照试验结果
    摘要：Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a novel hydrogen peroxide-based regimen versus a benzoyl peroxide-based regimen in mild-to-moderate acne. Methods: In this eight-week multicenter study, patients were randomized to either a hydrogen peroxide-based or a benzoyl peroxide-based regimen.The primary outcome measure of clinical response was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) at baseline,four weeks, and eight weeks. At Week 8, a patient self-satisfaction questionnaire was administered. Investigators were also queried at that time regarding assessment of tolerability and cosmetic acceptability. Tolerability was also measured at each visit. Results: Both treatment regimens were associated with improvement of GAGS score at Week 8 compared to baseline (p<0.0001). GAGS score did not differ significantly between the two regimens over the same period (p=0.7765). No significant adverse events were reported or observed in either treatment arm. Both patients and investigators found both regimens to be similarly effective and cosmetically acceptable. Conclusion: A novel hydrogen peroxide-based regimen was shown to be comparable in efficacy, safety, and cosmetic acceptability to a benzoyl peroxide-based regimen in the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne.
  • 2.

    【2hr】A Split-Face Evaluation to Assess the Efficacy of a Hydrolyzed Roe Cream in the Reduction of Erythema Following Chemical Peel

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    机译 评估化学水解后红斑减少的水解卵子霜功效的裂面评估
    • 作者：Vic A. Narurkar
    • 刊名：The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    • 2016年第10期
    摘要：Objective:To evaluate a hydrolyzed roe cream in the reduction of facial erythema following a chemical peel treatment. Edema was also assessed. Design:The facial cream was applied to one side of the face of 30 healthy female subjects (average age = 54.9 years, range 33–65 years) immediately following 4 to 15 minutes peel treatment. The opposite side remained untreated. Visia-CR digital photographs were taken at baseline and 8 and 24 hours post facial peel. Objective dermal irritation assessments were done by a blinded investigator, graded on severity of facial erythema and edema on a 5-point scoring scale; 0=none, 1 =slight,2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=severe. Subjects completed a perception questionnaire. Results: Reduction in erythema was greater (P≤0.05) for the treated side of the face compared to the untreated side at both 8 and 24 hours post-peel. Both sides showed reduction in erythema compared to immediate post-peel. No edema was observed. At eight hours, more than 50 percent of subjects agreed on the five attributes, and at 24 hours, 57 percent (17/30) of subjects agreed. At eight hours, ≥80 percent of subjects strongly agreed or agreed that the treated skin feels hydrated and moisturized immediately after application. At 24 hours, more than 90 percent of subjects strongly agreed or agreed that treated skin feels perfectly hydrated and moisturized. When asked about their overall impression of the product, 60 percent (18 subjects) of subjects responded”! love it.”All subjects completed the study. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Applying the facial lotion directly on post-procedure skin reduces redness after 8 and 24 hours significantly better compared to no treatment.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Efficacy, Safety, and Dermal Tolerability of Dapsone Gel, 7.5% in Patients with Moderate Acne Vulgaris: A Pooled Analysis of Two Phase 3 Trials

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    机译 中度寻常型痤疮患者中氨苯砜凝胶的功效，安全性和皮肤耐受性为7.5％：两项3期试验的合并分析
    摘要：Objective: Assess efficacy and safety of once-daily topical dapsone gel, 7.5% compared with vehicle for treating acne vulgaris (acne). Design: A pooled analysis of data from two identically designed, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, 12-week clinical trials. Setting: Study sites in the United States and Canada. Participants: overall, 4,340 patients were randomized 1:1 to dapsone and vehicle. Criteria included age 12 years or older with acne diagnosis, 20 to 50 facial inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules), 30 to 100 facial noninflammatory lesions (open and closed comedones), and acne grade of 3 (moderate) on the Global Acne Assessment Score scale. Measurements: Efficacy assessments included the Global Acne Assessment Score success rate (proportion of patients with Global Acne Assessment Score of 0 [none] or 1 [minimal]) and percentage change from baseline in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions at Week 12. Results: Global Acne Assessment Score success rates were 29.8 percent and 21.1 percent for patients who received dapsone gel, 7.5% and vehicle, respectively (p<0.001). Patients receiving dapsone gel, 7.5% had greater percentage change in lesion counts than patients receiving vehicle (inflammatory lesions: -54.6% vs. -48.1%; p<0.001; -45.1 %; noninflammatory lesions: -39.4%; p<0.001). Most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Mean dermal tolerability scores for stinging/burning, dryness, scaling, and erythema were similarly low with dapsone gel, 7.5% and vehicle. Conclusion: Dapsone gel, 7.5%, with a 50-percent greater dapsone concentration than twice-daily dapsone gel, 5% formulation, is applied topically once daily for acne, is effective, safe, and well-tolerated over 12 weeks, and has local tolerability similar to that of vehicle. identifiers: and
  • 4.

    【2hr】In-office Painless Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy

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    机译 办公室无痛氨基乙酰丙酸光动力疗法
    • 作者：George M. Martin
    • 刊名：The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    • 2016年第2期
    摘要：Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pain of in-office “painless” aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy aimed at decreasing treatment-associated pain in patients undergoing removal of actinic keratoses. Design: Prospective split-face study comparing short aminolevulinic acid incubation times of 15 minutes followed by extended exposure (60 minutes) of continuous blue light versus conventional aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Prospective assessment of pain in patients undergoing in-office “painless” aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Setting: Clinical practice office. Participants: Three patients with actinic keratoses participated in the split-face study and 101 in the pain assessment study. Measurements: Evaluations in the split-face study included removal of actinic keratoses, skin temperature, and pain measured on a 10-point visual analog scale. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale in the pain assessment study. Results: In the split-face study, in-office “painless” aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy resulted in a 52-percent reduction in lesions versus 44 percent for conventional aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Maximum pain scores of in-office “painless” aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy were all 0 at each time point, and the average score for conventional aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy was 7. Baseline skin temperatures increased from a baseline of 29 to 32°C to 34 to 35°C by minute 10 of blue light activation on both sides of the face. Results from the pain assessment study indicated no or minimal (scores 0-2) pain in nearly all patients who received in-office “painless” aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy as monotherapy or in combination with 5-fluoruacil or imiquimod used as pretreatments. Conclusions: In-office “painless” aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy appears to be effective for removing actinic keratoses and is associated with little or no pain in nearly all patients. This procedure should be evaluated in large-scale controlled trials.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Topical Silicone Sheet Application in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scarsand Keloids

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    机译 局部硅胶片在肥厚性瘢痕治疗中的应用和瘢痕s
    摘要：Objective: Since the early 1980s, topical silicone sheets have been used in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.This study aimed to determine the optimal duration and application of these sheets. Design: multi-centered therapeutic study. Setting and participants: A total of 224 patients were included in this study; 205 patients with hypertrophic scars and 19 patients with keloids. Patients received treatment with a topical silicone sheet. Treated scars varied in age, ranging from two weeks to 62 years and treatment time ranged from one month to 16 months. Assessment of the scars was performed by the use of standardized study forms and digital photography. Measurements: Skin therapists objectively assessed the scars on its color, thickness, and elasticity. Patients themselves subjectively assessed their perception of their scar and their experience with the usage of the topical silicone sheet. Results: After applying the topical silicone sheet, all scars, regardless of type of scar and maturity, improved significantly in color, thickness, and elasticity. Conclusion: In this study, treatment with the topical silicone sheet showed significant improvement on both hypertrophic scars and keloids. Best results were reached when the silicone sheet was applied at least four hours per day.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Long-term Efficacy of Micro-focused Ultrasound with Visualization for Lifting and Tightening Lax Facial and Neck Skin Using a Customized Vectoring Treatment Method

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    机译 可视化微聚焦超声的长期功效，可使用定制的矢量处理方法提拉和收紧面部和颈部皮肤松弛
    摘要：Background: Micro-focused ultrasound with visualization has been cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration to noninvasively lift the eyebrow, lift submental and neck tissue, and improve lines and wrinkles of the décolleté. Objective: The objective of this prospective, open-label pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of patient-specific, customized micro-focused ultrasound with visualization treatment with vertical vectoring to lift and tighten facial and neck tissue. Methods and materials: Subjects 25 to 60 years of age (N=20) with areas of skin laxity on the face and neck were enrolled and treated. A dual depth treatment was administered using a vectored pattern. Subjects were evaluated after 90 days, 180 days, and one year. Results: Overall improvements in Subject Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale and Physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores were reported by 90 and 100 percent of subjects at 90 and 180 days, respectively, and 95 percent for both measures at one year. Six of 14 evaluable subjects were rated as improved by blinded assessment at one year. Self-reported improvements maintained for up to one year included less sagging (79%), fewer lines and wrinkles (58%), and smoother skin texture (47%). Conclusion: Based on these results, treatment with micro-focused ultrasound with visualization with vertical vectoring demonstrated appreciable lifting and tightening of facial and neck tissue resulting in improved Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores and a high degree of patient satisfaction for up to one year. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: .
  • 7.

    【2hr】Fixed Combination Aerosol Foam Calcipotriene 0.005% (Cal) Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064% (BD) is More Efficacious than Cal or BD Aerosol Foam Alone for Psoriasis Vulgaris

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    机译 固定组合气雾剂泡沫Calcipotriene 0.005％（Cal）加倍他米松二丙酸酯0.064％（BD）比寻常的Cal或BD气雾剂泡沫对寻常型牛皮癣更有效
    摘要：Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of fixed combination aerosol foam calcipotriene 0.005% (Cal) plus betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% (BD). Design: Patients were randomized (100:101:101) to receive Cal/BD foam, Cal foam, or BD foam once daily for four weeks. Setting: Twenty-eight United States centers. Participants: 302 patients (≥18 years) with Psoriasis vulgaris (plaque Psoriasis; ≥mild disease severity by physicians global assessment). Measurements: Treatment success of the body (“clear”/”almost clear” from baseline moderate/severe disease; “clear” from baseline mild disease). Involved scalp treatment success was an additional endpoint. Results: Most patients (76%) had moderate Psoriasis of the body (66% for scalp). At Week 4, 45 percent of Cal/BD foam patients achieved treatment success, significantly more than Cal foam (14.9%; OR 4.34 [95%CI 2.16,8.72] P<0.001) or BD foam (30.7%; 1.81 [1.00,3.26] P=0.047). Fifty-three percent of Cal/BD foam patients achieved treatment success of the scalp, significantly greater than Cal foam (35.6%; 1.91 [1.09,3.35] P=0.021), but not BD foam (47.5%; 1.24 [0.71,2.16] P=0.45). Mean modified Psoriasis area and severity index (population baseline 7.6) improved in all groups, with statistically significant differences in Week 4 Cal/BD foam score (2.37) versus Cal foam (4.39; mean difference -2.03 [-2.63][-1.43] P<0.001) and BD foam (3.37; -1.19 [-1.80][-0.59] P<0.001). Four (Cal/BD), 10 (Cal), and 8 (BD) adverse drug reactions were reported. Conclusion: Cal/BD foam was significantly more effective than Cal foam and BD foam in providing treatment success at Week 4 and effective on involved scalp. Trial registration: .
  • 8.

    【2hr】Systemic Therapies for Late-stage Melanoma

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    机译 晚期黑色素瘤的全身疗法
    摘要：Late-stage melanoma is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Classic treatment methods relied on cytotoxic chemotherapy, which is limited by low response rates and significant adverse effects. Recent advances in immunogenetics have led to the advent of important new systemictreatments.Thisarticle reviews the latest therapy options for advanced melanoma.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Onychomycosis of Toenails and Post-hoc Analyses with Efinaconazole 10% Solution Once-daily Treatment

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    机译 每天一次使用Efinaconazole 10％溶液治疗脚趾甲的甲癣和事后分析
    • 作者：James Q. Del Rosso
    • 刊名：The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    • 2016年第2期
    摘要：Topical treatment for toenail onychomycosis has been fraught with a long-standing reputation of poor efficaey, primarily due to physical properties of the nail unit that impede drug penetration. Newer topical agents have been formulated as Solution, which appear to provide better therapeutic response in properly selected patients. It is important to recognize the impact the effects that mitigating and concomitant factors can have on efficaey. These factors include disease severity, gender, presence of tinea pedis, and diabetes. This article reviews results achieved in Phase 3 pivotal studies with topical efinaconazole 10% Solution applied once daily for 48 weeks with a focus on how the aforementioned factors influenced therapeutic outcomes. It is important for clinicians treating patients for onychomycosis to evaluate severity, treat concomitant tinea pedis, address control of diabetes if present by encouraging involvement of the patient’s primary care physician, and consider longer treatment courses when clinically relevant.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Needlestick and Sharps Injuries in Dermatologic Surgery: A Review of Preventative Techniques and Post-exposure Protocols

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    机译 皮肤外科中的针刺和锋利损伤：预防技术和暴露后协议的回顾
    摘要：Background: Needlestickand sharps injuries are the leading causes of morbidity in the dermatologicfield. Among medical specialties, surgeons and dermatologists have the highest rates of needlestickand sharps injuries.The high rates of needlestickand sharps injuries in dermatology not only apply to physicians, but also to nurses, physician assistants, and technicians in the demnatologic field. Needlestickand sharps injuries are of great concern due to the monetary, opportunity, social, and emotional costs associated with their occurrence. Objective: A review of preventative techniques and post-exposure protocols for the majortypes of sharps injuries encountered in dermatologic practice. Design: The terms “needle-stick injuryT’sharps injuryTdermatologic surgery? “post-exposure prophylaxis,”and “health-care associated injury” were used in combinations to search the PubMed database. Relevant studies were reviewed for validity and included. Results The authors discuss the major types of sharps injuries that occur in the dermatologic surgery setting and summarize preventative techniques with respect to each type of sharps injury.The authors also summarize and discuss relevant post-exposure protocols in the event of a sharps injury. Conclusion: The adoption of the discussed methods, techniques, practices, and attire can result in the elimination of the vast majority of dermatologic sharps injuries.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Confetti-like Sparing

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    机译 五彩纸屑般的备用
    摘要：Diagnostic uncertainty when a patient presents with melasma-like Undings can lead to suboptimal treatment and inaccurate prognostic expectations. In this study, the authors present a unique clinical feature of melasma that they term the “Fitzpatrick macule” and test its Utility in establishing diagnostic certainty. The “Fitzpatrick macule” is a confetti-like macule of regularly pigmented skin located within a larger patch of melasma hyperpigmentation. To test its diagnostic Utility, the authors compared clinical photography of known cases of melasma with common mimickers, such as poikiloderma of Civatte and solar lentiginosis, and determined the positivity rate of the Fitzpatrick macule in each scenario. Their results show that 89.1 percent of clinical photographs of melasma were positive for the presence of Fitzpatrick macules compared to 1.1 percent that were negative. In contrast, 37.5 and 56.3 percent of clinical photographs of poikiloderma of Civatte were positive and negative for Fitzpatrick macules, respectively. Solar lentiginosis showed a 5.6 percent positivity and a 77.8 percent negativity for Fitzpatrick macules. The sensitivity and specificity of Fitzpatrick macules for melasma was 99 and 83 percent, respectively. In summary, the authors report a highly sensitive and specific clinical feature of melasma. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, the presence of Fitzpatrick macules may aid in establishing a diagnosis of melasma.
  • 12.

    【2hr】A Novel Technique of Supra Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Lower Face Lifting

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    机译 上表肌桥神经系统透明质酸注射的新技术
    摘要：Background: Various methods attempting to correct sagging of the lower face focus mainly on manipulation of the superficial musculoaponeurotic System. Each technique has its own limitation. The authors propose a relatively simple, conservative method utilizing hyaluronic acid injection just above the superficial musculoaponeurotic System. Objective: To address a novel hyaluronic injection technique to lift the lower face. Methods: Details of the injection techniques are described. The Position of the hyaluronic acid injected and the effect of hyaluronic acid on the superficial musculoaponeurotic System were confirmed by ultrasonography in one of the cases. Results: Sonogram images demonstrated the location of the injected hyaluronic acid and pressure effect of hyaluronic acid on the superficial musculoaponeurotic System, confirming the ability to manipulate the superficial musculoaponeurotic System by this injection technique. The lifting result of this Single injection technique was immediately visible and maintained for at least 26 weeks. Conclusion: This is a less invasive, reproducible method that provides a sustained face lifting result. The authors propose the term “supraSMAS lift” for this novel injection technique.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Understanding the Epidermal Barrier in Healthy and Compromised Skin:Clinically Relevant Information for the Dermatology Practitioner

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    机译 了解健康和受损皮肤中的表皮屏障：皮肤科医生的临床相关信息
    摘要：
  • 14.

    【2hr】Muir-Torre Syndrome

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    机译 缪尔-托雷综合征
    摘要：Muir-Torre syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by the presence of at least one sebaceous gland neoplasm, associated with an underlying visceral malignancy. Muir-Torre syndrome is believed to be a subtype of Lynch Syndrome. Affected individuals are found to have germline mutations predominantly in DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2, and much less frequently, MLH1. The authors report the case of a 55-year-old woman presenting with multiple cutaneous neoplasms including sebaceoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma; personal history of colorectal and endometrial cancer; and family history of colorectal cancer; found to have a deletion at mismatch repair gene MLH1. It is important to recognize the role of these less common gene deletions in producing the Muir-Torre syndrome phenotype, and consider the correlation of cutaneous manifestations with internal disease. The authors discuss the clinical presentation of Muir-Torre syndrome, methods of diagnosis, and the importance of regular medical surveillance to detect and prevent disease progression in Muir-Torre syndrome patients and their family members.
  • 15.

    【2hr】The Effect of Melasma on the Quality of Life in a Sample of Women Living in Singapore

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    机译 黄褐斑对生活在新加坡的女性样本中生活质量的影响
    摘要：Introduction: Melasma is a common disorder of acquired hyperpigmentation characterized by irregular brown macules and patches that occur primarily on sun-exposed areas. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study that recruited 49 women clinically diagnosed with melasma from a tertiary dermatology referral center in Singapore. Trained investigators assessed the melasma severity objectively using the chromameter and mexameter and subjectively using the Melasma Area and Severity Index. The effect of melasma on the quality of life on the patients was assessed using the melasma quality of life scale and dermatology life quality index questionnaires. Results: The mean ± SD Melasma Area and Severity Index score was 12.1±6.5 (median 10.8). The mean ± SD melasma quality of life scale score was 25.6±15.3 (median 24.0). Melasma quality of life scale scores are significantly correlated (Spearman’s coefficient = 0.597, p-value <0.001) with the dermatology life quality index scores. There was no correlation between Melasma Area and Severity Index with melasma quality of life scale or dermatology life quality index scores. There is no difference in the melasma quality of life scale scores with different demographic variables including age, duration of disease, levels of education, and employment. Conclusion: This study contributes to building evidence regarding the validity of melasma quality of life scale in accurately evaluating the effect of melasma on a patient’s quality of life and the burden of disease in Singaporean women.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Addressing Free Radical Oxidation in Acne Vulgaris

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    机译 解决寻常痤疮中的自由基氧化
    摘要：Objective: Comparatively little attention has been paid to the role of free radical oxidation in acne vulgaris. Here, using the traditional abnormalities cited for acne, the authors address the role of free radical oxidation throughout the pathogenesis by detailing the chemistry that may contribute to clinical changes. To probe the effects of free radical oxidation and test an antioxidant, they conducted a preliminary study of topically applied vitamin E. Methods: Seventeen patients with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris were evaluated over an eight-week period in two private dermatology practices in this open-label study. All patients enrolled were on the same baseline regimen of salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide. This regimen was then supplemented with topical vitamin E in sunflower seed oil. Results: At the end of the eight-week period, all patients demonstrated clinical improvement, as indicated by a reduction in the number of lesions and global mean difference. A statistically significant reduction was noted as early as Week 2. Enrolled patients also expressed a positive experience due to good tolerability and easy application. Conclusion: Although the exact pathogenesis of acne vulgaris remains unknown, the presence of excessive reactive oxygen species can be implicated in each of the major abnormalities involved. This presence, along with the positive results of the authors’ preliminary study, demonstrates the need for more exploration on the use of topical antioxidants in limiting free radical oxidation in the acne model. This paper is designed to stimulate academic discussion regarding a new way of thinking about the disease state of acne.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Aging Differences in Ethnic Skin

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    机译 民族皮肤的老化差异
    摘要：Aging is an inevitable and complex process that can be described clinically as features of wrinkles, sunspots, uneven skin color, and sagging skin. These cutaneous effects are influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and often are varied based on ethnic origin given underlying structural and functional differences. The authors sought to provide updated information on facets of aging and how it relates to ethnic variation given innate differences in skin structure and function. Publications describing structural and functional principles of ethnic and aging skin were primarily found through a PubMed literature search and supplemented with a review of textbook chapters. The most common signs of skin aging despite skin type are dark spots, loss of elasticity, loss of volume, and rhytides. Skin of color has many characteristics that make its aging process unique. Those of Asian, Hispanic, and African American descent have distinct facial structures. Differences in the concentration of epidermal melanin makes darkly pigmented persons more vulnerable to dyspigmentation, while a thicker and more compact dermis makes facial lines less noticeable. Ethnic skin comprises a large portion of the world population. Therefore, it is important to understand the unique structural and functional differences among ethnicities to adequately treat the signs of aging.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Periorbital Hyperpigmentation: A Comprehensive Review

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    机译 牙周色素沉着过度：全面审查。
    摘要：Periorbital hyperpigmentation is a commonly encountered condition. There is very little scientific data available on the clinical profile and pathogenesis of periorbital hyperpigmentation. Periorbital hyperpigmentation is caused by various exogenous and endogenous factors. The causative factors include genetic or heredity, excessive pigmentation, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to atopic and allergic contact dermatitis, periorbital edema, excessive vascularity, shadowing due to skin laxity and tear trough associated with aging. There are a number of treatment options available for periorbital hyperpigmentation. Among the available alternatives to treat dark circles are topical depigmenting agents, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and topical retinoic acid, and physical therapies, such as chemical peels, surgical corrections, and laser therapy, most of which are tried scientifically for melasma, another common condition of hyperpigmentation that occurs on the face. The aim of treatment should be to identify and treat the primary cause of hyperpigmentation as well as its contributing factors.
  • 19.

    【2hr】United States Food and Drug Administration Product Label Changes

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    机译 美国食品药品监督管理局产品标签变更
    摘要：Once a drug has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and is on the market, the Food and Drug Administration communicates new safety information through product label changes. Most of these label changes occur after a spontaneous report to either the drug manufacturing companies or the Food and Drug Administration MedWatch program. As a result, 400 to 500 label changes occur every year. Actinic keratosis treatments exemplify the commonality of label changes throughout the postmarket course of a drug. Diclofenac gel, 5-fluorouracil cream, imiquimod, and ingenol mebutate are examples of actinic keratosis treatments that have all undergone at least one label revision. With the current system of spontaneous reports leading to numerous label changes, each occurrence does not necessarily signify a radical change in the safety of a drug.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia in a Red Pigment Tattoo

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    机译 红色颜料纹身中的假上皮增生
    摘要：Red pigment tattoos are known to cause pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in the skin, frequently simulating squamous cell carcinoma or keratoacanthoma. Herein, the authors present two additional cases of red pigment tattoo pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in which they noted a lichenoid tissue reaction. They reviewed the previously published cases and observed a lichenoid reaction in the histopathological images similar to hypertrophic lichen planus. The authors suggest that these reactions might best be referred to as “lichenoid reaction with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia” or “hypertrophic lichen planus-like reaction.” Accordingly, recognition of an inflammatory component may allow additional treatment options.
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