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  • NLM标题： J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci
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  • 1.

    【2hr】Preliminary Evaluation of Sustained-release Compared with Conventional Formulations of Meloxicam in Sheep (Ovis aries)

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    机译 与绵羊美洛昔康常规配方相比，缓释剂的初步评估
    摘要：Sustained-release (SR) drugs refine current analgesic regimens by alleviating the need for multiple sessions of handling and restraint and by reducing the local tissue irritation that can occur due to repeated injections. Although a variety of SR drugs are already used in lab animal medicine, no studies exist that evaluate the suitability of an SR NSAID in sheep. This study used HPLC–MS to measure the plasma concentrations of 2 formulations of meloxicam—conventional and SRM—after subcutaneous administration in 6 adult ewes. Blood was collected at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. In addition, physical exams, urinalysis, and biochemical analysis were performed at 0, 24, 48, and 120 h after dosage. Peak plasma concentrations were 1057 ± 433 ng/mL at 4 ± 0 h for conventional meloxicam and 3238 ± 1480 ng/mL at 6.7 ± 4.1 h for SR meloxicam (SRM). Elimination half-lives were 12.1 ± 4.2 for CM and 15.2 ± 2.4 h for SRM. One sheep had an episode of acute renal azotemia starting 24 h after SRM administration; the episode resolved over time, and the definitive relationship to SRM administration was not determined. Plasma levels of SRM were higher than CM throughout the initial 24 h, remained variably elevated until 60 h after injection, but failed to sustain presumed therapeutic levels of 400 ng/mL for the full 72 h across all animals in this study. Further investigation is warranted to determine the safety and clinical efficacy of SRM in sheep. Currently, when SRM is used in sheep, we recommend the combination of a preemptive and multimodal analgesia regimen with clinical assessments throughout the postoperative period.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Teaching Surgical Model Development in Research by Using Situated Learning and Instructional Scaffolding

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    机译 运用情境学习和教学脚手架进行研究中的外科模型开发教学
    摘要：Resources detailing the scope, details, and duration for teaching and learning surgical model development in research are poorly described. Situated learning and instructional scaffolding are useful skill-building tools. Herein, we discuss educational theory in the context of a training paradigm for surgical researchers, using our experience with a nonunion femoral fracture model as an example. Stages of learning include cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages. In surgical training, the cognitive stage involves the acquisition of basic knowledge, including anatomy, surgical approach, instrumentation, and suturing, which can be taught by using books, videos, skeletons, and cadavers. To these basic skills, the associative stage adds advanced techniques—including anesthesia, asepsis, hemostasis, and the full surgical procedure—through mentored nonsurvival surgical experiences. After a mentor has assured competence, trainees perform supervised and then independent survival surgeries to complete the autonomous stage. Through these stages, instructional scaffolding is applied in the context of a situated learning environment in which trainees learn in a layered approach through their own experiences. Thus, the proposed training paradigm is structured to teach trainees how to think and act as surgeons so they can adapt and grow, rather than only to ensure technical competency in a specific model. Development and mastery of complex surgical models may require as long as 6 mo to achieve optimal outcomes, depending on the preexisting skill of the research surgeons, technical difficulty, and the stage of model evolution.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Assessment of Pain Associated with the Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital in Laboratory Mice (Mus musculus)

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    机译 戊巴比妥钠注射液对小鼠的疼痛评估
    摘要：The AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals considers injection of barbiturates to be an acceptable method of euthanasia in rodents but states there is a potential for pain when administered intraperitoneally. This study examined the potential for pain in mice by assessing visceral pain after intraperitoneal administration and acute pain by using a paw-lick test. Male and female mice (n = 160) intraperitoneally received a euthanizing dose of sodium pentobarbital at a concentration of 5, 50, or 390 mg/mL and were observed for writhing, peritoneum-directed behaviors (PDB), loss of righting reflex, and time to death. Writhing was not observed in any animal. There was no significant difference in the number of mice exhibiting PDB or in the rate of PDB for responders receiving either saline or the 390-mg/mL solution. There was a significant treatment effect on time, with greater concentration and dose resulting in more rapid loss of righting reflex and death. In the second set of experiments, the same solutions were injected subcutaneously into the plantar hindpaw of male and female mice (n = 84). The number of responders, latency until the first lick, and the number of licks per responder were recorded. The number of responders was increased in the 50-mg/mL group; however, there was no difference in latency or the number of licks per responder. These results show that intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital for euthanasia in mice did not result in increased behavioral signs of pain, and animals lose consciousness more rapidly than the onset of pain seen in the paw-lick test. Therefore, although sodium pentobarbital is capable of inducing inflammation, euthanasia through intraperitoneal administration is rapid and does not result in overt signs of pain when compared with injection of saline.
  • 4.

    【2hr】The AALAS Journals: 2018 in Review

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    机译 AALAS期刊：2018年回顾
    摘要：
  • 5.

    【2hr】Effect of MS222 on Hemostasis in Zebrafish

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    机译 MS222对斑马鱼止血的影响
    摘要：MS222 is a compound used in anesthetizing vertebrates, including fish and frogs. Several side effects of this anesthetic have been reported, but its effect on hemostasis has not been studied. In our laboratory, we have used zebrafish for more than 2 decades as a model system to study hemostasis. During this period, we have had trouble in collecting blood from anesthetized zebrafish and observed more rapid blood clotting than in nonanesthetized counterparts. However, no systematic studies regarding the effect of MS222 on zebrafish hemostasis are available. In this study, we performed various assays such as gill bleeding, measurement of Hct, total blood cell counts, thrombocyte counts, thrombocyte aggregation, and coagulation and measured the amount of blood collected. We found that Hct values, the amount of blood collected, bleeding, and coagulation differed significantly between anesthetized and nonanesthetized fish. Our results suggest that blood collected after MS222 anesthesia of zebrafish has altered hemostasis.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Modified Dose Efficacy Trial of a Canine Distemper–Measles Vaccine for Use in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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    机译 用于恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）的犬瘟热-麻疹疫苗的改良剂量疗效试验
    摘要：Measles virus causes a highly infectious disease in NHP. Clinical signs range from asymptomatic to fatal, although measles virus is most well-known for its characteristic generalized maculopapular rash. Along with appropriate quarantine practices, restricted human access, and appropriate personal protective equipment, vaccines are used to combat the risk of infection. The canine distemper–measles vaccine (CDMV), administered at the manufacturer's standard dose (1.0 mL IM), has been shown to be effective against clinical measles disease in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The goal of the current study was to test whether doses smaller than the manufacturer's recommended dose stimulated adequate antibody production to protect against infection. We hypothesized that either 0.25 or 0.5 mL IM of CDMV would stimulate antibody production comparable to the manufacturer's recommended dose. We found that the 0.25-mL dose was less effective at inducing antibodies than either the standard (1.0 mL) or 0.5-mL dose, which both yielded similar titers. The primary implication of this study informs balancing resource allocation and providing efficacious immunity. By using half the manufacturer-recommended dose, the 50% cost reduction may provide sufficient monetary incentive to implement, maintain, or modify measles vaccination programs at NHP facilities.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Reference Intervals for Inbred Strain 13/N Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

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    机译 自交系13 / N豚鼠（Cavia porcellus）的血液学和临床化学参考间隔
    摘要：Inbred strain 13/N guinea pigs are frequently used as animal models in studies of emerging and high-pathogenicity viruses. To date, clinical reference intervals have not been established for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters in this strain. We obtained whole-blood samples from the cranial vena cava of healthy strain 13/N colony animals for inhouse CBC and clinical chemistry analyses. Analyte values were investigated to determine subpopulation differences according to age and sex. Glucose, albumin, ALP, lymphocyte percentage, Hgb, and MCHC decreased with age, whereas neutrophil and monocyte percentages, BUN, creatinine, calcium, and amylase increased with age. Total protein and WBC counts increased over the first 300 d of life before stabilizing. Across all age categories, female guinea pigs consistently had lower RBC, Hct, Hgb, ALT, ALP, and amylase levels and higher MCV values than males. These trends were strongest in adults (age, 151 through 900 d). Most parameters stabilized by 300 d; previous studies used 60 d or 120 d as adult age and 90 to 120 d as sexual maturity. We recommend age group definitions of 0 through 150 d for juveniles, 151 through 900 d for adults, and older than 900 d for geriatric adult strain 13/N guinea pigs.
  • 8.

    【2hr】AALAS Position Statement on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

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    机译 AALAS关于人道关怀和使用实验动物的立场声明
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
    • 2019年第3期
    摘要：
  • 9.

    【2hr】Compassion Fatigue, Euthanasia Stress, and Their Management in Laboratory Animal Research

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    机译 同情疲劳，安乐死压力及其在实验动物研究中的处理
    摘要：This review is designed to assist both individuals and organizations involved in animal-based research to understand and appreciate the importance and potential risks of compassion fatigue and euthanasia stress. We reviewed current literature regarding compassion fatigue and euthanasia stress as they relate to the laboratory animal science community. Definitions, recognition, and mitigation steps are clarified. We offer educational and mitigation advice and present needs for future research on these topics that is related directly to the laboratory animal science community.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Evaluation of Analgesic Patches in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

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    机译 食蟹猕猴（Macaca fascicularis）的止痛剂评估
    摘要：Opioids are widely used in veterinary and human medicine to manage pain. However, there is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the pharmacokinetics of opioid transdermal patches (TDP) in NHP. Therefore, to determine whether opioid TDP attain therapeutic concentrations in NHP, the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl (25 µg/h) and buprenorphine (10 and 20 µg/h) TDP were evaluated in naïve, adult, male cynomolgus macaques (n = 4) in a crossover study. Plasma opioid levels were determined by tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The AUC0-inf for fentanyl and the low and high dose buprenorphine patches were 115 ± 14, 462 ± 74, and 778 ± 344 ng×h/mL, and the plasma half-lifes were 22 ± 4, 77 ± 27, and 42 ± 11 h, respectively. No adverse effects were noted throughout the study. Minimal therapeutic concentrations for fentanyl (0.2 ng/mL) and buprenorphine (0.1 ng/mL) were achieved in all macaques within 8 h of fentanyl and 24 h of buprenorphine TDP application. Therapeutic levels for the fentanyl and low- and high-dose buprenorphine patches were maintained for 96, 120, and 144 h, respectively. These findings suggest that 25-µg/h fentanyl patches should be replaced every 4 d, and the low- and high-dose buprenorphine patches should be replaced every 5 and 6 d, respectively. The results of this study show that fentanyl and buprenorphine patches achieve minimal therapeutic levels for clinically relevant periods of time and should be considered viable options for pain management in cynomolgus macaques.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Time-dependent Pathologic and Inflammatory Consequences of Various Blood Sampling Techniques in Mice

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    机译 小鼠各种血液采样技术随时间变化的病理和炎症后果
    摘要：We compared 6 frequently used mouse blood-sampling methods (lateral tail incision; tail-tip amputation; sublingual, submandibular, and saphenous vein puncture; and retrobulbar sinus puncture during isoflurane anesthesia) with regard to induction of local and systemic inflammation, stomach contents, weight changes, and corticosterone levels at 6 h to 12 d after sampling. Local inflammation was assessed through histopathology and assessment of the expression of inflammation and tissue damage–related genes (S1008/9A, Cxcl2, Il1b, Nlrp3, Il6, and Il33) in sampled tissue. Systemic inflammation was assessed through quantification of plasma haptoglobin levels, measurement of blood Il1b expression, and evaluation of histopathologic changes in lung, kidney, liver, and spleen. Apart from slight, transient increases in plasma haptoglobin levels after lateral tail incision, retrobulbar sinus puncture, and saphenous vein puncture, no other signs of systemic inflammation were found. Mice subjected to retrobulbar sinus puncture, sublingual puncture, or isoflurane anesthesia only showed the highest plasma corticosterone concentrations. Retrobulbar sinus puncture had the largest effect on body weight loss. Retrobulbar sinus puncture, sublingual puncture, and submandibular puncture only showed minor and in, most cases, fast-resolving inflammation. By contrast, blood sampling by lateral tail incision, tail-tip amputation, or saphenous vein puncture caused tissue damage and inflammation locally at the sampling site, which resolved more slowly compared with head-region sampling techniques, according to results from pathologic and gene expression assessments. Expression of S1008/9A, Cxcl2, Il1b, and Nlrp3 increased 10- to 1000-fold and did not return to baseline until day 6 after sampling or later and did not resolve after tail-tip amputation within the 12-d observation period. Increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and tissue repair correlated with histopathologic changes and may thus represent a quantitative supplement to histopathology. In conclusion, none of the tested methods for obtaining blood samples from mice is superior, according to simultaneous immunologic, histopathologic, and animal welfare–related parameters.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Butorphanol–Azaperone–Medetomidine for the Immobilization of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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    机译 Butorphanol–Azaperone–Metotomidine用于固定猕猴（Macaca mulatta）
    摘要：Maximizing animal wellbeing by minimizing drug-related side effects is a key consideration when choosing pharmaceutical agents for chemical restraint in nonhuman primates. One drug combination that may promote this ideology is butorphanol (27.3 mg/mL), azaperone (9.1 mg/mL), and medetomidine (10.9 mg/mL; BAM). Based on results from a pilot study, 2 doses of BAM (16 and 24 µL/kg IM) were compared in healthy, 3-y-old rhesus macaques. Physiologic parameters and anesthetic quality were assessed and recorded every 5 min. Experimental endpoints were established for hypoxemia (85% or less peripheral oxygen saturation with oxygen supplementation), pulse rate (80 bpm or less for 2 consecutive readings), mean arterial pressure (MAP; 50 mm Hg or less), and hypothermia (97 °F or less); if any endpoint was achieved, medetomidine was reversed by using atipamezole (0.22 mg/kg IM). Both BAM doses resulted in immobilization of all animals with no clinically significant differences between groups. All animals initially exhibited hypoxemia that resolved with oxygen supplementation. Regardless of dose, most macaques (71%) reached established experimental endpoints for bradycardia (62 to 80 bpm) or hypotension (44 to 50 mm Hg MAP). Given the results of this study, our recommendation regarding the use of 16- or 24-µL/kg BAM for immobilizing rhesus macaques is dependent on caution regarding cardiopulmonary parameters and the provision of supplemental oxygen.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Association of Primate Veterinarians Guidelines for Nonhuman Primate Restraint

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    机译 灵长类动物兽医协会非人类灵长类动物约束准则
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
    • 2019年第3期
    摘要：
  • 14.

    【2hr】Association of Primate Veterinarians Guidelines for MRSA Infections in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research

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    机译 生物医学研究中非人类灵长类动物MRSA感染的灵长类动物兽医协会指南
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
    • 2019年第3期
    摘要：
  • 15.

    【2hr】Clinical, Physiologic, and Behavioral Evaluation of Permanently Catheterized NMRI Mice

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    机译 永久性导管NMRI小鼠的临床，生理和行为评估
    摘要：Vascular catheterization is becoming a popular technique in laboratory rodents, facilitating repetitive blood sampling and infusion in individual animals. In mice, catheterization is complicated by their small body size, which may increase the risk of postoperative complications that may both threaten catheter longevity and animal welfare. Less obvious complications to a permanent catheter may include subclinical infection, visceral tissue damage from disseminating microthrombi released from the catheter, and distress from being isolated from conspecifics and other experimental stressors. Such complications may go unnoticed and may affect animal welfare as well as confound research outcomes. This study investigated the implications of long-term arterial catheterization in NMRI mice by evaluating clinical, physiologic and behavioral parameters. Body weight and food and water consumptions were monitored during the study period. Fecal corticosterone metabolites were quantified as biomarkers of stress, and nucleic acid metabolites (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanisine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine) as biomarkers of oxidative damage. Behavioral dysfunction was studied by scoring animal welfare and nest building. Catheters were placed the right common carotid artery of mice; catheterized mice were compared with sham-operated and nonsurgical control mice. Except for an increase in the body weight of catheterized mice during the experimental period, clinical parameters (body weight and food and water consumptions) did not differ between groups. Physiologic parameters (oxidized nucleic acid metabolites and fecal corticosterone metabolites) were higher in control mice during the first week of experimentation compared with the end of study but did not differ between groups. Likewise, catheterization had no effect on behavioral parameters (nest building and animal welfare assessment). Long-term arterial catheterization of mice had no detectable implications on animal welfare in this study.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Effect of Predator Stress on the Reproductive Performance of Female Mice after Nonsurgical Embryo Transfer

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    机译 捕食者应激对非手术胚胎移植后雌性小鼠生殖性能的影响
    摘要：Predator stress can exert detrimental effects on female mammals, leading to disrupted reproduction. Although many studies have addressed the effects of predator stress on reproductive output in rodents, few studies have focused on the effect of visual or auditory stress on pregnant females. In this study, we investigated the possible effect of predator stress, either visual only or combined visual and auditory (visual+auditory), on the reproductive performance of female mice after nonsurgical embryo transfer. Reproductive performance was assessed as pregnancy rate, implantation rate, gestation length, live pup rate, and neonatal birth weight. Moreover, serum cortisol and progesterone levels in dams were measured by using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Exposure to predator (cat) stress did not lead to a significant change in pregnancy rates in the tested mice. However, the stressed mice showed significantly decreased implantation rates compared with the control group. Similarly, the live pup rate and neonatal birth weight were significantly lower in the group exposed to predator stress than in the control group. Furthermore, mice exposed to visual+auditory stress showed a significant reduction in gestation length compared with the control mice. Our data showed that predator visual+auditory stress as combined stimuli significantly increased serum cortisol level. In contrast, progesterone levels did not significantly vary among the experimental groups. Taken together, our findings imply that predator stress adversely affects the reproductive efficiency of pregnant mice by decreasing the implantation rate, live birth rate, and neonatal birth weight and by prolonging gestation length.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Effectiveness of Various Floor Contamination Control Methods in Reducing Environmental Organic Load and Maintaining Colony Health in Rodent Facilities

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    机译 各种地板污染控制方法在减少啮齿动物设施中环境有机负荷和维持菌落健康方面的有效性
    摘要：Floor contamination control practices in rodent housing facilities commonly include disposable shoe covers despite the lack of evidence for their usefulness in bioexclusion. Contamination control flooring mats are advertised as an economical and environmentally-responsible alternative to shoe covers, yet little is published regarding their efficacy in preventing the transfer of organic material and the introduction of infectious agents into facilities. We evaluated 4 floor contamination control strategies—shoe covers (ShCv), contamination control flooring (CCF), using both products concurrently (ShCv+CCF) compared with using neither—in preventing bacterial transfer and reducing organic load on facility floors and maintaining murine colony health status. According to PCR assay and culture analysis, ShCv provided the greatest reduction in bacterial numbers. Either ShCv, CCF, or ShCv+CCF significantly decreased ATP levels within the facility compared with those at facility entrances, with ShCv+CCF yielding the greatest reduction; however, even when neither ShCv nor CCF was used, intrafacility floor ATP levels were about half those at entrances. According to PCR analyses, no murine parasitic, viral, and bacterial pathogens excluded at the institution were detected in any floor, exhaust air dust, or sentinel samples at any time or location, regardless of the floor contamination control method in use. These findings show that floor contamination control methods help to reduce the organic load in rodent IVC facilities but do not enhance protection from environmental contamination due to murine pathogens.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Retraction: Effects of Sodium Lighting on Circadian Rhythms in Rats

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    机译 缩回：钠照明对大鼠昼夜节律的影响
    摘要：This retracts the article entitled, “Effects of Sodium Lighting on Circadian Rhythms in Rats” by Xian Chen, Chang-Ning Liu, and Judith E Fenyk-Melody published in the May issue vol 58, issue 3, p . This article is being retracted with the support of all 3 coauthors due to methodological and authorship issues.
  • 19.

    【2hr】AALAS Position Statement on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

    包量

    机译 AALAS关于人道关怀和使用实验动物的立场声明
    • 作者：
    • 刊名：Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
    • 2019年第1期
    摘要：
  • 20.

    【2hr】Effects of General Anesthesia on 2 Urinary Biomarkers of Kidney Injury—Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 and Lipocalin 2—in Male C57BL/6J Mice

    包量

    机译 全麻对雄性C57BL / 6J小鼠肾脏损伤中2种尿液生物标志物的影响-甲型肝炎病毒细胞受体1和脂蛋白2
    摘要：Urinary biomarkers are used increasingly for sensitive prediction of kidney injury in preclinical and clinical studies. Given the frequent requirement of anesthesia in various animal models of disease, it is important to define the effects of anesthesia on kidney injury biomarkers to guide the appropriate selection of anesthetic agents and to avoid potential confounders in the interpretation of data. Therefore, we performed a prospective study using male C57BL/6J mice (n = 45) exposed to a single anesthetic episode to determine the effects several common anesthesia regimens on the urinary excretion of 2 commonly used kidney injury biomarkers: hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1, also known as KIM1) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2, also known as NGAL). We evaluated 3 injectable regimens (ketamine–xylazine, tiletamine–zolazepam, and pentobarbital) and 2 inhalational agents (isoflurane and sevoflurane). Concentrations of HAVCR1 and LCN2 in urine collected at various time points after anesthesia were measured by using ELISA. Administration of ketamine–xylazine resulted in a significant increase in HAVCR1 levels at 6 h after anesthesia but a decrease in LCN2 levels compared with baseline. LCN2 levels steadily increased over the first 24 h after inhalant anesthesia, with a significant increase at 24 h after sevoflurane. These results suggest that injectable anesthesia had early effects on HAVCR1 and LCN2 levels, whereas inhalational agents increased these biomarkers over prolonged time.
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