The unique C terminus of the calcineurin isoform CNAβ1 confers non-canonical regulation of enzyme activity by Ca2+ and calmodulin

摘要

Calcineurin, the conserved Ca²⁺/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase and target of immunosuppressants, plays important roles in the circulatory, nervous, and immune systems. Calcineurin activity strictly depends on Ca²⁺ and Ca²⁺-bound calmodulin (Ca²⁺/CaM) to relieve autoinhibition of the catalytic subunit (CNA) by its C terminus. The C terminus contains two regulatory domains, the autoinhibitory domain (AID) and calmodulin-binding domain (CBD), which block the catalytic center and a conserved substrate-binding groove, respectively. However, this mechanism cannot apply to CNAβ1, an atypical CNA isoform generated by alternative 3′-end processing, whose divergent C terminus shares the CBD common to all isoforms, but lacks the AID. We present the first biochemical characterization of CNAβ1, which is ubiquitously expressed and conserved in vertebrates. We identify a distinct C-terminal autoinhibitory four-residue sequence in CNAβ1, ⁴⁶²LAVP⁴⁶⁵, which competitively inhibits substrate dephosphorylation. In vitro and cell-based assays revealed that the CNAβ1-containing holoenzyme, CNβ1, is autoinhibited at a single site by either of two inhibitory regions, CBD and LAVP, which block substrate access to the substrate-binding groove. We found that the autoinhibitory segment (AIS), located within the CBD, is progressively removed by Ca²⁺ and Ca²⁺/CaM, whereas LAVP remains engaged. This regulatory strategy conferred higher basal and Ca²⁺-dependent activity to CNβ1, decreasing its dependence on CaM, but also limited maximal enzyme activity through persistence of LAVP-mediated autoinhibiton during Ca²⁺/CaM stimulation. These regulatory properties may underlie observed differences between the biological activities of CNβ1 and canonical CNβ2. Our insights lay the groundwork for further studies of CNβ1, whose physiological substrates are currently unknown.