Paving the way towards an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis: advances in cell therapy

摘要

Multiple sclerosis pathogenesis in both relapsing and progressive disease. Scheme representing the major cells and molecules that play a role in the two different stages of MS. The dashed line allows comparison of the differences between relapsing and progressive MS. Arrows indicate release, while inhibitors indicate inhibition. The black arrowhead on a dotted line indicates transmigration. CSF cerebrospinal fluid, DC dendritic cells, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, ILCs innate lymphoid cells, MAIT cells mucosal-associated invariant T cells, MS multiple sclerosis, RNS reactive nitrogen species, ROS reactive oxygen species, SAS subarachnoid space, Th T helper